God Is Not A Religious Experience - 954 Words

Danlielou in Chapter one states, â€Å"But that in which saves is not a religious experience, but faith in the Word of God† (10) No one is born with faith because you have to accept faith from God. Faith is knowing that there is a God. We have to put our trust in God because in the end he will take care of us in the end. The image of God that is the most persuasive is the God of faith because faith is shown both in religions, philosophy, and in the Bible. Monotheism, Polytheism, and Atheism are all different religions of how people worship God/gods. Early tribes actually had faith in one God, but since he felt so far away to them, they began to make other gods. Monotheism is the only religion that truly complies with faith. Rassinger states in his reading, â€Å"We are beginning to understand more and more clearly today that this concept of love is by no means philosophically deducible, self-supporting principle, and that to a large extent it starts of falls with belie f in the one God† (76). The belief in one God is related to the ultimate yes. The ultimate yes is I believe in God and yes there is a God. â€Å"Faith seems formidable to man because it involves the acceptance of his dependence and the abandonment of his self-sufficiency. Thus faith reaches him in his will to belong; it puts him at the mercy of another† (Danlielou, 87). People are scared of faith because it is certain and uncertain at the same time. Religions can make it easy to have faith in God or they canShow MoreRelatedThe existence of God Based on Religious Experience Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pagesexistence of God based on religious experience. (18) 2. ‘The argument merely indicates the probability of God and this is of little value to a religious believer.’ Discuss. (12) In contrast to the classical arguments for the existence of God, namely the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments, the argument from religious experience doesn’t just entail a set logical of points arriving at a conclusion on a piece of paper, rather it also necessitates sense-based experience, tangible toRead MoreAnalyse the Argument of the Existence of God from Religious Experience1171 Words   |  5 PagesExistence of God from Religious Experience (18) The argument for the existence of God from Religious Experience is a simple one, with only two premises. The first being that some people have, or have had a religious experience, the second premise is that these are only explicable though God, thus leading to the conclusion that God exists. This leads us to question, what exactly are religious experiences? Theologians have struggled for centuries trying to define what a religious experience is, withRead MoreKey Concepts of Religious Experience as an Argument for the Existence of God707 Words   |  3 PagesKey Concepts of Religious Experience as an Argument for the Existence of God The argument is of an a posterioi nature, therefore it is inductive. This means the argument uses data and evidence from which conclusions are drawn. The argument of experience must involve a sense of encounter, the experience of the encounter therefore has been seen, felt and sensed and therefore making the experience exist to us (Hume). These experiences seem to be widespread throughout societyRead MoreExamine some of the key principles of the argument for the existence of God based upon religious experiences765 Words   |  4 Pagesof God based upon religious experiences Religious experiences are experiences we have of the divine or God. These experiences may be Mystical experiences, conversion experiences or revelatory experiences. Paul Tillich states that religious experience is a feeling of ‘ultimate concern’, a feeling that demands a decisive decision from the one receiving it. He describes it as an encounter followed by a special understanding of its religious significance. The argument for religious experiences isRead MorePersonal and/or Religious Experience Is Particularly Revealing for Developing a Fuller Understanding or Ourselves and/God? (50))2438 Words   |  10 PagesPersonal and/or religious experience is particularly revealing for developing a fuller understanding or ourselves and/God? (35) Examine and comment on this claim with reference to the topic you have investigated? (15) â€Å"There is no single thing that can be bottled and neatly labelled as a religious experience†-Harvey. A religious experience is an outward encounter with something divine also known as God. This experience is set apart from any other experience as it is based on religious context. ItRead MoreThe Existence of God Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesExistence of God What we call religious experience can differ greatly. Some reports exist of supernatural happenings that it would be difficult to explain from a rational, scientific point of view. On the other hand, there also exist the sorts of testimonies that simply seem to convey a feeling or a peace of oneness- something which most of us, religious or not, may possibly relate to. Firstly, I will consider the nature of an experience. Experience involvesRead MoreThe Argument for the Existence of God Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesExistence of God It is an undisputed fact that some people claim to have experienced God. It is these religious experiences that have been used by philosophers to argue for the existence of God. The main way of expressing the argument from religious experience is as follows: P1 Someone experiences an entity C1 The entity exists P2 Someone has experienced God C2 God exists Those who champion the argument seek to differentiate ordinary experiences and religiousRead MoreCritically Asses, with Reference to William James, the Arguments from Religious Experience.1699 Words   |  7 Pages‘the varieties of religious experience’, James concluded that religious experience testifies that â€Å"we can experience union with something larger than ourselves and in that union find our greatest peace†.   He defined such experiences as â€Å"experiences of the divine† and believed that religious experience was at the heart of religion. For James, religious teachings, practices and attitudes are second hand religion, which later develop as individuals reflect on their common experience. It is the actualRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1674 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witnessed, God can only ever be a possibi lity. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. Finally, I will discuss St. Thomas Aquinas’Read MoreReligious Experience Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesReligious Experience There are various interpretations of the definite meaning of a religious experience, where each are unique and different. There have been many, many stores put forward by certain individuals who have claimed to have such an experience. Various people have studied them, and have come to the conclusion that in most cases, very similar subjects are brought up in them. Some say that a religious experience involves having some sort of contact

Self Presentation Theory - Consumer Behaviour - 1622 Words

Self-Presentation ‘It might be said of self praise (if it not entirely shameful and ridiculous) that we praise ourselves fearlessly, something always sticks.’ – Francis Bacon WHAT IS SELF-PRESENTATION? Self Presentation is part of the Self Concept and Impression Management theory. Impression management (IM) theory suggests that any individual or organization must establish and maintain impressions that are compatible with the perceptions one wants to give to the public. From both a communications and public relations viewpoint, the theory of impression management suggests the vital ways in which one establishes relationship between personal or organizational goals and their intended actions which create public perception. The idea†¦show more content†¦People adopting a protective self presention style are expected to be less assertive with respect to same consumer interactions (M salma,Kevin Celuch, 1995) Thus, Self Presentation relies on corporeal ( meaning : having, consisting of, or relating to a physical material body: opp : not spiritual display). Mauss (1973) labels body techniques to communicate the desired identity, or self. The social actions required for self-presentation are consumption oriented and depend upon individuals displaying signs, symbols, brands, and practices to communicate the desired impression (Williams and Bendelow 1998). The art of self-presentation is both a manipulation of signs (Wiley 1994) and an embodied representation and experience (Brewer 1998) to impart identity. Consumers self-present daily as they select clothes, hairstyles, automobiles, logos, and so forth, to impress others in any given context (a shopping mall, movie theaters etc.). Goffman (1959) asserts that the presentation of self is contextual, based on a specific setting and facing a definable and anticipated audience. Consumer behaviour with regards to product purchase having either high involvement or low involvement depends on both his self presentation and the presentation of the product it self. The Self concept of how one views themselves gets reflected in the Prsentation style and in product purchase. To date, theShow MoreRelatedDive In. My First Piece Of Personal Advice To My Future1013 Words   |  5 PagesDive in My first piece of personal advice to my future self is to dive in. Fear of failure has always been something that I’ve struggled with. During my first year of university, I was in the Faculty of Arts but desperately knew I wanted to be business school. With that said, I was extremely scared of failure and held my application back until I was ready the next year. For a whole year, I took courses that I wasn’t passionate about as I couldn’t bring myself to apply to Sauder. I wasted a year ofRead MoreMarketing Of A Product Based Advertising Effort1623 Words   |  7 Pagess business surroundings are given the specific test of dodging clashed informing, oversaturation of promoting activities, consumer dithering and monitored behaviour keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish their destinations of improving long haul brand reliability and empowering product acquisitions. While there are environmental factors which may impact consumer’s behaviour, the hugest artificiality originates from mental impacts connected with promoting correspondence and individual translationRead MoreThe Impact Of Experiential Marketing On Attracting Consumers Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing in attracting consumers The Modern development of marketing theory is characterised as one of the main elements of the marketing mix. 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Bloom ETU 20030459 SUMMARY General Background 4 1 Market development and cultural factors. 5 1.1 Culture influences the food choice. 5 1.2 The level of development of the country market influences organic food choice 6 1.2.1 A cross- national study of Danish and New-Zealand organic consumers. 6 1.2.2 The moderators of consumption depend on the market development 7 2 The attitudes that influence consumer 9 2.1 AttitudesRead MoreBtec higher national diploma2227 Words   |  9 PagesOrganisations and Behaviour Credit Value 15 Hand Out/Issue Date w/c 07.10.2013 Submission Deadline 28/11/2013 Introduction You should submit your assignment separately the following sections/parts: Part A: Students are expected to write an essay. Part B: Students are expected to make a presentation. 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Advertising nevertheless is no doubt a powerful tool which adapts the way consumers perceive a product and if pulled off successfully can be the biggest factor of success. Approaches to advertising Simon Broadbent believes that there are 456 theories about what advertising is and how it works (Broadbent, 1992). However one of the most simple and effect definition of advertising is according to Roman is that advertisementRead MoreInsight Brief : Consumer Behaviour2710 Words   |  11 PagesInsight Brief: Consumer Behaviour †¢ For instance: Describing how a particular advertisement addresses one or more of the needs in Maslow’s hierarchy is just an interpretation or application of the theory. This is not enough. Arguing why a particular ad or promotion campaign has been successful (or not) in a particular place and time, as a result of fitting the needs that the target consumers are likely to be experiencing, would be an appropriate creative extension. 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Tax Policy and Obesity Epidemic

Question: Discuss about the Tax Policy and Obesity Epidemic. Answer: Introduction The social determinant of health is the social and economic factors affecting the individual health status. These are the health promoting factors that affect the living and working condition of an individual. The distribution related to the social determinant is shaped up by public policies that influence prevailing political ideologies. According to World health Organization unequal distribution of health damages the society is caused due to toxic combination of poor policies. The report is based on the soft drink tax and its implication in current scenario. Soft drink tax is a tax or surcharge designed to reduce consumption of the drinks that have added sugar. The drink covered under the tax is carbonated drink, un-carbonated drink, energy drink etc. The tax is related to public debate and only levied if it is in interest of the nation; World Health Organization promotes tax on soft drinks as these drinks are deteriorating the health of every individual in the society. The purpose is to discourage unhealthy diets and reduce the growing concern regarding obesity (Metherell, 2016). Background Diabetes is a growing concern in the recent time in the developed and the developing countries. There is a shift in the eating and drinking behavior of an individual causing serious health issue. Unlike sugar which is consumed through the normal food sugar consumed through the soft drink overload the pancreas and liver causing heart disease. Obesity is known to be a serious global and health issue causing a direct impact on the health of people in growing economy (Martin, 2016). Consumption of high amount of sugary drinks is directly affecting the health and causing excess weight and obesity. The excess consumption of sugary drinks by the young generation is affecting the concern of public health professional (Why a soft drinks tax is not the answer, 2017). Australia has some of the highest rate of obesity and overweight and is consistently growing @ of 28 percent, in Australia adults are almost obese and over a quarter children are facing obesity. It is due to highly processed energy dense consumption of soft drink that is affecting the health concern of the population. Sugared drinks are the main reason causing a serious impact to the health of children. It is believed that prevention of the consumption of soft drink is causing excess obesity. Some are planning to introduce a beverage tax to discourage the consumption of drink that is directly affecting the health of an individual (McKeith, 2016). The soft drink tax will have received a mixed response from the public in the recent time. It is therefore come important for the countries to consider the taxation not to create the revenue but to create a healthy atmosphere. Purpose A tax on the sugar will reduce the consumption by 15 percent and will increase the budget by $500 million. The Grattan Institute has recommended that a sugary drink is increasing the obesity rate. It is calculated that the obesity costs taxpayers around $ 5.3 Billion annually. One out of three Australian are now known as obsessed. They are planning to introduce tax @ 40 percent per 100 grams of the sugar. This will increase the price of two liter bottle by 80 cent. The food industry has shown that that the sugarcane growers has opposed the proposal of sugar taxes saying that there are no viable proof affirming that the sugary drinks are harmful. There are already heavy taxes on the products like alcohol and tobacco affecting the health concern. Similarly soft drinks are affecting the health of an individual that have a real impact on the health of an individual (Noone, 2016). By taxing the sweetest drink the effect of the harmful drink will be slightly reduced especially for children . In recent time Kids are consuming high amount of soft drinks that is affecting the health. A price increase by 20 percent will directly drop tee sale of the product by 12 percent. This will reduce the cases of obesity by 1 percent nationwide. This will help in protecting the rights of the kids and will protect them against obesity. A tax on the sugary drinks is the key recommendation made by the World health organization. The approach is supported by the YMCA, Australian Dental Association, the Committee of Presidents of Medical Colleges, the Public Health Association, and even Jamie Oliver (Davies, 2016). Impact on the industry According to Dr. Duckett the tax model will raise $ 500 million for the budget by targeting on the soft drinks consume. The tax is regressive as the total spending of household on soft drinks is only .75 percent of the total household income. So there will be a regressive effect on the small portion of household income. The soft drink industry has overestimated the impact of soft drink tax and opposes the taxation due to heavy implication. By looking at the current trend 80 percent of the sugar in Australia is exported and the remaining is used for the different type of food and drink. In short the impact on the soft drink industry will be very small. But there are at time the company can increase the overall profitability. Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce called sugary drink tax as "bonkers mad" and a "moralistic tax" that will create a huge impact on the sugar farmers in the North Australia. Often there are circumstances where the tax on the soft drink failed. In 2012 Danish government introduced Fat Tax as it was repealed after a period of 18 months. There was negative impact on the economy due to inflation and the rising administrative cost (Duckett, 2016). Increase in administrative costs Reduced jobs Higher food prices No visible enhancement to public health Majority of company affirmed that thee taxes has a direct impact on the economy of the country rather than on their health. Moreover it is believed that most of the local producers are exporting the goods which mean that the tax wont affect them. The global companies will however be affected due to levy of the tax till some extent. The UK tax is 24 pence per liter of Coca Cola and a little less for Fanta. There is certain loophole in the UK soft drink tax that has put the overall intention under consideration. This will no longer affect much of the concern related to obesity. This is considered to be a deterrent tax and will raise the revenue up to some level. The intension need to support the factors that affect the health of an individual on a long run. The sugar tax in Australia doesnt make unequal Australia (Fletcher, Frisvold Tefft, 2010). The tax on the sugar will hit the poor. According to economist, Government needs to levy taxes on alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. This t ax will not affect the wealthy person. This will however cause the income disparities. The income disparity in Australia is very high. The average households in Australia make four times as much as the bottom 10 percent (Fletcher, Frisvold Tefft, 2010). Below mentioned graph will help in determining the situation occurring in the current household structure in Australia. Impact of soft drinks on an individual Some of the people believe that soft drink should be taxed similar like cigarettes and leaded petrol in order to boost economy. The revenue collected from the tax can be used to tackle obesity acceding to a news report. The super tax will be applied on the sugar content of the non-alcoholic water based beverages in addition to the GST. Unless the soft drink tax that will increase the overall intake. According to the report almost 30 percent of the Australian adults were clinically obese and another 35 percent are considered to be overweight. Those who are suffering from obesity generally visit the practitioner and depend on the medicines in general. This is affecting the general health parameter of Australians. The cost to taxpayer of obesity amounts to around $ 5 billion per year. The report prepared by the Grattan Institute has stated that most of the problem related to obesity is caused due to soft drinks. Half of the added sugar comes from the drinks and the one third comes from the soft drink. The taxes on the soft drink are applied at United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, France, Fiji, Mexico, and South Africa (Mytton, Clarke Rayner, 2012). According to Grattan an Institute has stated that the taxes have however reduced the consumption by 15 people as people switched t other drinks. The tax on the soft drink will encourage the manufacturer to put less sugar in the drinks. This will reduce the overall tax on the drinks in coming time. According to worlds health organization stabilizing the obesity is the primary focus in the current scenario. The sugar industry will see a drop in the sale by 1 percent which will have a minimal impact on the oversea price. The tax will however affect the low level income category than the high income households. The low income household spends a little on the soft drinks. The extra budget earned through the tax can be used in order to promote the health facilities (Lustig, Schmidt Brindis, 2012). Recommendations It is however recommended that the tax on the soft drink is a rowing necessity in the current scenario. This will however put a positive impact on the Australian economy. In the recent time there have been rising cases of obesity. This is affecting the health of the teenager more specifically. The growing concern has a long term impact not only on the health of the individual but also on the economy (Efrat Efrat, 2012). It is recommended that the soft drink tax need to be levied as it will not only reduce the consumption of the drink to a level but will also help in improving the current health status. In the current scenario many countries have imposed the tax in order to bring attention of people to the grave issue. Consumption of soft drink has a long lasting impact on the health of the individual (Moretto, Kendall, Whitty, Byrnes, Hills, Gordon Comans, 2014). This taxation process will bring attention of people to the issue so that they can understand that the consumption will affect their health. Moreover the taxation is professed by the WHO. It is necessary to create taxation in a systematic manner as this will improve the condition as well. . These are the health influencing factors that initially affects the individual private and public behavior. In the recent time consumption of soft drink has raised a huge concern among people. In the recent time the health of people is getting affected due to soft drink consumption (Hafekost, Mitrou, Lawrence Zubrick, 2011). However it is known that there are other factors also that are affecting the health of an individual. It is the responsibility of the government to impose tax on those products that are mainly responsible for deteriorating the health. In recent time incidence pertaining to diabetes has increased. Soft drink has been responsible for the incidence where health of an individual is getting affected by the various factors accompanying the health of an individual (Hector, Rangan, Gill, Louie Flood , 2009). In this way the international companies will reduce the sugar content in the soft drink to some extent. It will help in reducing the impact on the individual health as well. There is a huge need to find out various ways through which the health of an individual can be improved through the alternative means (Veerman, Sacks, Antonopoulos Martin, 2016). Conclusion To conclude it is essential to understand the importance of imposing the tax in the recent time. The world is changing at a fast rate so are the eating habits. The report states the purpose for which the government Authorities should impose the tax. Looking at the current market trends it is very well visible that the consumption of soft drink is affecting the health of an individual to a large extent. The government is planning to impose tax on the people which will reduce the extent of obesity in general. There is a necessity to regulate the authorities so that the consumption of the soft drinks could be restricted. At present there is no such tax which is restricting the consumption o the soft drink. Looking at the current scenario it has become important to find out the most appropriate way through which the government can manage the issues related to the soft drink consumption. By looking at the current trend 80 percent of the sugar in Australia is exported and the remaining is used for the different type of food and drink. In short the impact on the soft drink industry will be very small. A very small portion is used by the local. This reflects that the localities will be less affected with the tax. It is however necessary for an individual to develop effective health strategies so that one can grow. The current changes in the health pattern are a matter of great concern and need to be taken with utmost care so that the health of the people can be managed effectively. References Davies,J.(2016). Should We Be Taxing Sugar? (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.canstar.com.au/health-insurance/should-we-be-taxing-sugar/ (Accessed on: 28 March 2017) Duckett,S.(2016) Why we should tax sugary soft drinks. (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://grattan.edu.au/why-we-should-tax-sugary-soft-drinks/ (Accessed on: 28 March 2017) Efrat, M. W., Efrat, R. (2012). Tax policy and the obesity epidemic.JL Health,25, 233. Fletcher, J. M., Frisvold, D. E., Tefft, N. (2010). The effects of soft drink taxes on child and adolescent consumption and weight outcomes.Journal of Public Economics,94(11), 967-974. Fletcher, J. M., Frisvold, D., Tefft, N. (2010). Can soft drink taxes reduce population weight?.Contemporary Economic Policy,28(1), 23-35. Hafekost, K., Mitrou, F., Lawrence, D., Zubrick, S. R. (2011). Sugar sweetened beverage consumption by Australian children: implications for public health strategy.BMC public health,11(1), 950. Hector, D., Rangan, A., Gill, T., Louie, J. C. Y., Flood, V. M. (2009). Soft drinks, weight status and health: a review. Lustig, R. H., Schmidt, L. A., Brindis, C. D. (2012). Public health: The toxic truth about sugar.Nature,482(7383), 27-29. Martin,P.(2016). A $520 million soft drink tax will probably make us less fat. But here's what it will do to prices. (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/a-520-million-soft-drink-tax-will-probably-make-us-less-fat-but-heres-what-it-will-do-to-prices-20161122-gsuw17.html (Accessed on: 28 March 2017) McKeith,S.(2016). Soft Drinks Should Be Hit With 40 Cent Sugar Tax: Grattan Institute. (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/11/22/soft-drinks-should-be-hit-with-40-cent-sugar-tax-grattan-instit/ (Accessed on: 28 March 2017) Metherell,L.(2016). Sugar tax could cut soft drink consumption, help halt growing obesity rates: Grattan Institute,(ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-23/sugar-tax-could-cut-soft-drink-consumption-by-15-per-cent/8048974 (Accessed on:28 March 2017) Moretto, N., Kendall, E., Whitty, J., Byrnes, J., Hills, A. P., Gordon, L., ... Comans, T. (2014). Yes, the government should tax soft drinks: findings from a citizens jury in Australia.International journal of environmental research and public health,11(3), 2456-2471. Mytton, O. T., Clarke, D., Rayner, M. (2012). Taxing unhealthy food and drinks to improve health.BMJ,344(may15 2), e2931-e2931. Noone,Y.(2016). Sugar tax could raise $400m for the government . (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/health/article/2016/04/14/sugar-tax-could-raise-400m-government (Accessed on: 28 March 2017) Veerman, J. L., Sacks, G., Antonopoulos, N., Martin, J. (2016). The impact of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages on health and health care costs: A modelling study Why a soft drinks tax is not the answer.(2017). (ONLINE).Retrieved from: https://www.australianbeverages.org/for-consumers/soft-drink-tax-answer/ (Accessed on: 28 March 2017)

The Difference of Coupled and Decoupled Payments Essay Example For Students

The Difference of Coupled and Decoupled Payments? Essay agi 1. The difference of Coupled and Decoupled payments? Farm payments were coupled to production once upon a time. The more farmers produced the more they received in payments. Under these conditions it did not take long for people to come to the conclusion that farmers were farming the program and not making production decisions based on market prices and conditions. As a result, it was argued that the payments led to distortions in the marketplace resulting in excessive production in some commodities while farmers ignored others. It was argued that without these coupled payments farmers would take their planting signals from the marketplace even to the extent of reducing overall production. Decoupled payments were advanced as a mechanism that would provide the stability needed by farmers and their bankers without interfering with planting decisions. That is to say, direct payments based upon historical production would be decoupled so that farmers could respond to market signals in making their production decisions. Decoupled payments were a major component of the 1996 Farm Bill when it was adopted. . What is zoning laws? Zoning ordinances and regulations are laws that define how you can use your property. Cities, counties, townships, and other local governments adopt zoning plans in order to set development standards to assure that land is used for the common good. Zoning Laws protect existing businesses and residences. For example, in a region without zoning laws, a company could build a factory in the midd le of a residential zone, potentially impacting the quality of life for residents. We will write a custom essay on The Difference of Coupled and Decoupled Payments? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Zoning laws ensure that land use is consistent within a specific region, and that conflicting uses like heavy industry and residential housing are kept isolated from each other for the convenience of all. 3. What is the impact of buying development rights? The impact of buying development rights involves the government of paying land-use right to achieve pacific public good objective. 4. What is the best way of allocating water resources? The Water Resources Allocation Program (WRAP) with the Office of the State Engineer is responsible for processing water rights applications, conducting the scientific research for making those water rights decisions, maintaining water rights records, and enforcing any conditions or restrictions on water use. Water masters are the programs that measure stream flow, allocate the water within a stream system based on state water law, and regulate and control diversions. It involves government explicitly determining who has access to available water and under work conditions. 5. Give two examples of bio energy? Examples of bio-energy fuels include the leftovers of farming activities, methane gas from landfill, parts of sewage effluent, and compressed waste from household garbage or other streams of fuel. Recent technologies, including some developed in Australia, rely on the use of high temperatures to turn solid material to gas (gasification), with the gases and heat produced then used to turn a turbine to generate electricity. There are different types of bio-energy Bio-energy type| Examples| Methane gas| Landfills and sewage treatment plants| Wet wastes| Abattoirs, feedlots and food processing| Dry agricultural by-products| Sugar cane waste| Municipal mixed wastes| Household garbage and pruning’s with recyclables removed| Forestry by-products| Remnant material from existing sawmills and managed forestry operation|

POLYMERS Polymers Are Large Molecules Composed Of Smaller Molecules Ca

POLYMERS Polymers are large molecules composed of smaller molecules called monomers. Monomers are produced and either grow together or are assembled to produce a single polymer. There are synthetic and natural polymers. Some examples of natural polymers would be wood, starches, fingernails, and hair. Synthetic polymers are usually referred to as plastics. Petroleum, is the primary monomer used to produce polymers. An English chemist named Alexander Parkes was the first scientist to produce the first synthetic polymer in 1862. John Wesley Hyatt, an American, was the first person to produce a useable polymer two years later. He named the product celluloid. The prime virtue of polymers is a high strength-to-weight ratio. Industrial-strength polymers surpass titanium in tensile strength. To add strength and improve flexibility, polymers are sometimes fortified with short-fiber additives, mostly fiberglass. This is known as a polymer composite. One particular polymer has three times the strength of tempered steel and is being used in bullet proof vests. Another composite will be used to fasten together the sections proposed space stations. Polymers have also been used in cars, including the Chevrolet Camaro and the Pontiac Fiero. New polymers are being created with more strength and flexibility by combing two chemically different polymers and producing a block copolymer. Combinations of block copolymers and composites and intended for use in booster rockets and in materials of Earth-orbiting installations. Most common polymers are usually solid, but a new class of polymers is being introduced in a liquid crystal state. Although these polymers still have the physical characteristics of liquid, they are structured more like solids. Many liquid crystals are transparent at one temperature and colored at another temperature. This makes them suitable for use in liquid crystal displays, such as in digital watches, hand-held calculators, and lap-top computers. A new liquid polymer, consisting of a mixture of iron and nickel, is being used to make metal links that can be used in paper, glass, and on electronic circuit boards. Despite the development and widespread use of polymers, scientific understanding is still sketchy. Polymer development has occurred through trial and error. Scientific shortcomings are becoming more apparent in the search for polymers that can meet the demands for high technology of today. The new study is on the microstructure of polymers while still in a liquid state. The purpose is to learn how the solid-state structure is developed. The ultimate goal is to be able to predict properties from a specific material under a constant set of processing conditions.

Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins

Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins In the book entitled "Harlem Renaissance" by Nathan Irvin Huggins a story is told about the time period before World War I and the following years in which a "Black Metropolis" was created unlike the world had ever seen. It was the largest and by far the most important black community in the world. It brought together black intellectuals from all over the world to this new "Black Mecca" with dreams of prosperity and change. Their common goal was the prosperity of the New Negro as Alain Locke called them. This New Negro was one that was cultured, educated, artistic, and would bring prosperity to the African-American. All these were the promises of the Harlem Renaissance. When people saw Harlem, they saw opportunity, they saw a place where they could escape and enjoy artistic freedom. They saw liberation, they saw hope, they saw a place where confidence was in abundance.English: This chart shows three groups of major co...That confidence translated to the belief that reform could be at tained. Sadly, Nathan Irvin Huggins points out that all they were was deceived by their dream. They all saw in Harlem much more than what was really there. A common belief was that they could use their talents as a way of bridging the gap between the races. Unfortunately racism has been so deep rooted in the white American psyche that it would take more than the New Negro proving he had artistic talent to be accepted as one and the same. Huggins also cites that their art was compromised by the fact that it was intended for white patrons and was not a full reflection of them. Another mistake they made was not organizing a grass roots movement. The black political leaders failed to become a unified voting force and were unable to obtain true political...

Ethical Concerns in Health Care Disparities Research Paper

Ethical Concerns in Health Care Disparities - Research Paper Example The U.S. policy makers had been vigilant in seeking resolutions to address issues on health care disparities in order to uphold justice and respect to the people. This paper presents the general concepts about health care disparities, focusing on the issues concerning ethics raised commonly raised by the people, as well as on the management of these issues that confronts the health care system of the U.S. First, it is important to convey a unanimous thought of the commonly used terms in this study. According to the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (2011), â€Å"health care seeks to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease and to improve the physical and mental well-being of all Americans.† In the 2003 National Healthcare Disparities Report, â€Å"disparity† means â€Å"the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree†, synonymous with the word inequality, unlikeness, disproportion, and difference. It shall be noted that â€Å"health dispar ities† and â€Å"health care disparities† are two different terms, though both have close association in concept (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2004). ... favorable health conditions that exist among specific population groups, including racial and ethnic minority groups† (American Society of Clinical Oncology 2009). Health care disparities, on the other hand, refers to â€Å"different people’s access to insurance, preventive services, and medical care or lack thereof,† while health status disparities refers to â€Å"the individual differences in disease prevalence, habits, and risks factors between various races and ethnicities† (National Business Group on Health 2011, p. 5). Differences in race are base on the physical (such as skin color, facial features, etc.) and genetic aspects among subgroups while differences in ethnicity consider the subgroups’ cultural, religious, political, and socioeconomic variables (Tobin 2010). The four major ethnic/racial groups frequently noted in literatures are the African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian Pacific Islander, and together with the poor, the mentally retarded, and the immigrants, these groups have experienced unequal burdens in health and health care observed from high morbidity and mortality rates (Baldwin 2003). To delimit the broad scope of disparities in health, this study focuses on health care disparities, per se, more specifically on the issues of ethical concerns. Furthermore, the World Health Organization or WHO (2011) presented the determinants of health that affect the individual or the community’s healthy status and these include: (1) the social and economic environment (income, culture, social status); (2) education; (3) physical environment; (4) social support networks; (5) health services; and (6) the person’s individual characteristics (genetic, gender) and behavior (lifestyle, exercise, eating patterns). Evidence showing the

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Database Structures, Languages, and Architectures - Essay Example It is also a great tool for visual representation of data through graphs based on the table available. I learned a lot of things from the tutorial specifically about Access. I was oriented about the advantages Access through the tutorial as I am one of those people mentioned in the tutorial that is not very familiar with Access. The tutorial about Excel was already familiar to me because I am a regular user of Excel spreadsheet as I do many computations in the spreadsheet. I learned that users can work simultaneously with Access which is not possible with Excel. It is possible to work simultaneously with Access because Access locks a record only while a user changes it. Repetitive data records can also be handled easier with Access. For example, Excel may have difficulty handling several data about a single customer which Access can with ease such as in the example below; I also learned that it is possible to track actions or events in Access such as purchases made by a certain customer but I have to admit that I am still ambiguous on how to exactly do it because the tutorial did not show a â€Å"how to† do it. It only explained that it can be done. I also learned that if it is just about handling and management of data, Access is better than Excel. Excel however is excellent for analytical purposes and showing the data visually. I myself use Excel for analytical purpose such as tracking the change of computation by merely changing one of the variables in the formula. I got all of the four questions right. They were very easy and just basically asked about what the tutorial was all about. It is important to note however that I have a different reasoning for one question that I answered right. This was the first question that asked; My reasoning here is different. It says that each table is flat file that east related to each other. My reasoning however

The Reckless Decade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Reckless Decade - Essay Example Rockefeller. While they amassed wealth for themselves, those at the bottom of the economic heap earned poorly, an account in chapter three given by a journalist, Jacob Riis, which Jane Addams also contributed to. The lords of Chicago and Tammany bosses of New York City corruptibly laid the foundation for a big city government. In the fourth chapter, Brands focuses on the labour movement, giving a description of Eugene Debs’ career, the strike of Pullman and the bizarre incidence involving Coxey’s Army (129). Populism arose due to agricultural depression and immense division on the standard of gold, factors that also promoted the unsuccessful, though democratic presidency bid for William Jennings Bryan. The 1896 Supreme Court ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson promoted the erosion of black civil rights through acceptance of separate, though equal, measure. The imperialistic country thus found a reason to get involved in Hawaii, the Philippines, Venezuela and Cuba. Thus, Brand s, through this book, gives a vivid narrative of momentous challenges that faced America towards an uncertain future. The author perceives the existence of parallels between the then America and the current one which still faces social, economic, political and technological

Pressure on Development Land in the South East of England

Pressure on Development Land in the South East of England The need for sustainable architecture. Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss and evaluate the pressure on development land in the South- East of England, and how that pressure relates to the need for sustainable architecture. The reasons for there being pressure on development land in the South-East of England will be described and analysed, as will any differences with the other regions of Britain. The reasons for setting aside or using the available development land and why sustainable architecture should be adopted in the South-East of England will be fully evaluated. As will be demonstrated there are various and competing factors that apparently increase the pressure to make full use of all available development land in the South-East of England. The available development land in the South-East of England is in high demand to be used for the construction of domestic housing, as well as for commercial, leisure, and industrial building programmes. To a large extent central government and local authorities have attempted to control the construction of such new building programmes through systems of urban planning, as well as building regulations that have applied across the whole of Britain. The reasons why the South-East of England should have a need for sustainable architecture will also be examined in depth. The case for making all the new construction projects designed around the concepts of sustainable architecture shall also be examined, to discuss whether more environmentally focused building designs will lessen the impact of new construction programmes, as well as reducing long-term pollution. Introduction Sustainable architecture and the use of development land are closely linked with the practices and theories of what form the basis of urban and rural planning, as well as ideas concerning the necessity for long-term environmental sustainability. Urban, and to a lesser extent rural planning, became more widespread in their application throughout Britain after 1945, when increased levels of central government intervention were experienced in many social and economic fields. Planning was deemed to be the best way of solving Britains housing problems (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). Increased levels of urban and rural planning were justified at the end of the Second World War due to the need for extensive post-war reconstruction. The South-East of England in general, and London in particular had suffered from widespread bomb damage, which meant that fully or partially destroyed houses, factories, and retail units had to be replaced by well planned buildings which would be an improvement upon the pre vious buildings. In the immediate post-war period it was believed that a systematic use of town and country planning would be essential for the reconstruction of Britain, with a much higher standard of building to match higher employment, the welfare state, and the National Health Service. The purpose of these policies and institutions was to prolong life and promote good health throughout the whole population (Meller, 1997 p67). The increased use of urban and rural planning was not intended to protect the environment in an ecological way, or indeed to promote sustainable architecture, rather it was greatly expanded in scope to make the most rational use of scarce development land. However, there would be measures adopted which would conserve large areas of countryside, and give protection despite the need to re-house millions of families in 1945 (Southall, 2000 p. 336). There were groups that wished to conserve specific areas that supported rare forms of animal and plant life, and even groups that wished to preserve old historical buildings, as well as buildings distinguished by their architectural styles (Meller, 1997 p67). When added together such groups did not equate to an ecological lobby that intended to change agricultural, architectural, or industrial practices to protect the environment. These groups however, were able to heavily influence the decision to restrict urbanisation taking over the countr yside. Post-war reconstruction was the catalyst for the largest programmes of publicly funded construction in Britain. Public expenditure was needed due to the sheer scale of reconstruction required, with London and the South-East of England being a major beneficiary of those programmes. Architecture and planning were used for these large-scale programmes rather than just for individual buildings. The involvement of central government in the promoting and funding of large-scale public building programmes and the use of development land was high until the early part of the 1970s (Greed, 1996 p. 35). Such wide-ranging building programmes were not only intended to replace the buildings destroyed during the Second World War. The post-war building programmes were also intended to replace the slums in the inner cities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool, as well as elsewhere. The construction programmes were intended to make the South-East of England a much more hospitable place to live in, just as the rest of Britain was also intended to be like (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). New construction and renovation of existing houses was an imperative, as ‘2 million of them condemned and another 3 million lacking in essentials (Southall, 2000 p. 337). The South-East of England also benefited from the construction of new towns such as Milton Keynes and Stevenage that were planned as entire towns with purpose built domestic housing and business premises. The Atlee government was so keen upon the creation of new towns to solve the post-war housing shortages that it regulated such construction throug h the New Town Act of 1946 (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). The construction of the New Towns was considered to be essential for both high economic growth and for solving the national post-war housing shortage. The Atlee government regarded the new towns as being highly beneficial to peoples health as they moved away from major cities and industrial areas to places with cleaner air (Meller, 1997 p67). In ecological terms such construction was harmful to the environment as more land was built upon and it meant a greater amount of pollution from traffic emissions, though of course nobody understood such implications at that time. Improvements in transport infrastructure and increasing levels of car ownership meant that the new towns were economically viable, as well as allowing their inhabitants to commute to the major cities to work in them (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p. 147). Urban planning was thus considered to be very useful for the progress and development of London and the South-East of England, which traditionally has been the most populous and prosperous region of Britain. Urban planning was also intended to increase the prosperity levels of the other regions in Britain to be as high as possible to match the levels achieved in the South-East of England (Southall, 2000 p. 337). Controlled expansion of urban areas into the new towns was intended to solve the imme diate post-war housing shortage and revive the British economy, whilst leaving the great bulk of the countryside untouched by new housing construction (Taylor, 1998 p.3). Previous improvements in agricultural techniques meant that farming became more efficient nationally which had quickened the pace of urbanisation in Britain as a whole. Urbanisation in Britain had already had a strong impact upon the environment that went beyond the replacement of the countryside with polluting factories and unhealthy slum housing (Southall, 2000, p. 335). Higher crop yields from less land had the consequence that more land in rural areas became available to be used as development land. The greater availability of former agricultural land meant that is was easier to find enough land to construct new towns or expand existing cities across Britain. Urbanisation was a process that was accelerated by the need of industrial towns and cities to find workers to continue their expansion (Goudie Viles, 1997 p. 5). To begin with, the majority of new homes were traditional style houses that formed large council house estates right across the country, in architectural terms there was very little innovation or thought given to making the new housing stock architecturally sustainable or environmentally friendly. More attention was instead devoted to making all new houses comfortable, clean, and ensuring they were being built to last (Greed, 1996 p. 35). The new homes were intended to be better and larger than the ones that they had replaced. The majority of large cities and the new towns in Britain had millions of council houses built in their areas between 1945 and the early 1970s. However, it was much harder to find adequate amounts of development land in inner city areas which led to the building of high rise tower blocks which allowed a greater number of people to be housed without increasing the total area of the development land required (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). Unfortunately, high rise tower bl ocks constructed during the 1960s and the 1970s in the South-East of England, as well as nationally failed to be an adequate form of long- term and sustainable architecture that allowed people to be housed in safety or comfort. The failure of many high rise tower blocks to be sustainable forms of housing had the affect of increasing the pressure on development land. It has also meant that tower blocks have had to be refurbished or more frequently demolished (Meller, 1997 p. 63). As the picture below shows the 1950s and the 1960s also witnessed the construction of low-rise apartment blocks which have proved to be longer lasting than tower blocks built during the same period of time. The picture is of apartment flats constructed in Ham Common in Richmond between 1955 and 1958 (Frampton,1997 p. 266). Although the amount of new housing construction was considerable not all the available land had been developed or built upon. Land remained set aside for agricultural purposes, whilst other land was left un-built upon and not always used for farming. The land that was left alone and was set aside and thus not allowed to be used for domestic housing or industrial sites were referred to as the green belt. The green belt was created to act as a buffer zone between urban and rural areas as a means to limit urbanisation (Greed, 1996 p. 82). Central government set aside areas that were designated as green belt zones to preserve the countryside nationally as well as solely in the South-East of England. Although, it was possible to build on green belt land the process of gaining planning permission from central government and the relevant local authority was a long drawn out one which deterred most property developers and construction firms from doing so. Local interest groups have often bei ng highly vocal in their opposition to any schemes that have been suggested (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). Clapp estimated that with national parks and designated green belt zones that in England and Wales ‘more than a fifth of the countryside now has stringent protection against development (Clapp, 1994 p. 140). Therefore, the bulk of available development land was concentrated in urban areas, often referred to as brown field sites (Greed, 1996 p. 82). For central government there are advantages for using brown field sites (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). For instance, using such sites allows for economic regeneration, employment creation as well as less pressure to build on green belt land. Recycling land on brown field sites is a method of preserving rural areas being used as development land (Clapp, 1994 p.139). The pressure to use greater amounts of development land has arguably increased significantly in recent years throughout Britain as a whole. The pressure to use development land has risen due to a combination of social, economic, and political factors. For instance, in social terms the demographic changes to the British population have had significant, and it could even be argued,profound effects upon the demand for development for new construction programmes. These demographic changes have occurred as a consequence of the British population ageing, the increasing number of adults who live on their own, as well as the major increase in the number of immigrants who have settled in Britain in the past decade or so. These changes have meant that more people within Britain are seeking a higher number of places to live in. Another reason for the raised levels of pressure upon development land is caused by the potential financial gains from building new houses, as well as new retail or indu strial complexes. The level of financial gains that could be made has been boosted since 1979 by the shifting away from the publicly funded housing programmes to a market led approach to determining the rates of new housing construction and the ownership of existing housing (Allmendinger and Thomas, 1998 p. 5). Of course even greater numbers of domestic homes and retail premises has a knock on effect on the amount of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, and roads which are required in Britain as a whole. The building of new forms of infrastructure will only increase the environmental impact of new construction programmes (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). A fuller explanation and a more comprehensive examination of the increased pressures on the development land in Britain in general will be presented in the specific chapter on development land. The more detailed evaluation of the pressures upon development in the South-East of England will be presented in the specific chapter about the South-East of England. Not only has there been pressure to use more development land in Britain generally and in the South-East of England in particular, there has been more pressure for new construction programmes to use building techniques and technology linked with sustainable architecture. Sustainable architecture may have been a concept, which started in the United States, yet it could be very important to put its ideas into action across the globe (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). The notion of sustainable architecture is in itself influenced by ideas about making or enabling architecture maximise the utility and the subsequent life span of all new construction, whilst minimising the amount of resources needed in the initial construction and the maintenance of buildings. Sustainable architecture, when possible, uses resources that is renewable, recyclable, and biodegradable. There are various motivations for adopting sustainable architecture when it comes down to the construction and the completion of all new building programmes. Motivations that include the minimising of development land used, as well as making use of new technology to conserve energy, the conservation or recycling of finite resources, as well as reducing the levels of water consumption. Reducing the level of pollution and attempting to slow down the consequences of global warming are also factors in the promotion and implementation of sustainable architecture (Kim, Rigdon, Graves, Augus t 1998 p. 5). Of course, there is the influence of legislation upon the use of sustainable architecture techniques to reduce the environmental and ecological impact of new construction programmes. Property developers and construction firms have to comply with measures to protect theenvironment introduced by the British government and the European Union (Hough, 2004 p. 190). As will be shown in the specific chapter about sustainable architecture the majority of methods used to improve environmental sustainability are relatively straightforward to incorporate into the designs of new building programmes, and in some cases into existing buildings. Sustainable architecture could be achieved by using construction materials that are less damaging to the environment, or materials that have been obtained from recycled and renewable resources. Making buildings as environmentally sustainable as possible during new construction projects (as will be examined in greater depth) will achieve the over all objectives of those that practice and argue for the implementation of sustainable architecture. It is most practical to install features or equipment which enhances environmental sustainability during new construction projects rather than afterwards. The pressures to adopt sustainable architecture in many ways are contradictory, yet are also connected with the pressure s to raise the levels of development land used up for new building programmes. Other motivations for adopting sustainable architecture include applying measures that are requirements for gaining planning permission, as well as ensuring that all new buildings comply with all the minimum standards for safeguarding the environment set by the British government and also by the European Union. The British government has set standards for domestic and retail buildings since the 1950s. For instance, to rid London of its previously renowned smog and fog by reducing smoke emissions from domestic homes and factories alike under the auspices of the Clean Air Act. The European Union has taken a greater interest in promoting environmental sustainability since the 1980s, believing that such actions to protect the natural environment on a regional rather than a national basis would be far more effective in doing so (Hough, 2004 p. 190). Chapter One Literature Review ‘Urban Planning and the British New Right, by Allmendinger and Thomas was primarily used as a source of reference for the ways in which the Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997 altered housing and economic policies in Britain. This book also contained information about the introduction of more extensive government environmental protection policies, which were started during that period of Conservative administration. The book demonstrates the contradictions between the strong Conservative support for free market economics and the increasing understanding that central government needed to act to protect the environment. Brian Clapps ‘An Environmental History of Britain from the Industrial Revolution is a good source of information with regard to development land and the impact of the green belt zones on limiting building programmes to already urbanised areas. The book provides a useful insight into the establishment and the continued maintenance of green belt zon es in modern Britain. ‘An introduction to Human Geography – Issues for the 21st century by Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, and Sidaway proved a useful source of information about development and the environmental impacts of human activity such as constructing buildings and using fossil fuel in buildings. The book assists in explaining why such impacts on the environment would provide a catalyst for sustainable architecture. ‘Modern architecture – a critical history by Kenneth Frampton was used as a source of pictures and reference for information about architectural styles and building materials. There was also a brief section concerning the planning of the new town constructed at Milton Keynes during the early 1970s. ‘The Earth Transformed – an introduction to Human Impacts on the Environment by Goudie and Viles was used to obtain information about development land and the impact of unsustainable architecture and building techniques upon pollution levels and global warming. The book contained information about the harmful consequences of global urbanisation and industrialisation. ‘Cities Natural Process – A basis for sustainability, by Michael Hough was a useful reference book for discussing development land and issues that relate to enhancing environmental sustainability. This book was also useful because there was a greater focus upon Britain within it. The book contained suggestions and examples of how sustainability could be achieved with the help of sustainable architecture. ‘Sustainable Architecture: Introduction to Sustainable Design by Kim and Rigdon is an article which explores the theoretical and practical background to sustainable architecture. It was used to gain information for the chapter, which dealt with sustainable architecture specifically. That information was also for the chapter concerning the need for any new construction programmes in the South-East of England to embrace sustainable architecture. ‘Pollution Prevention in Architecture – Introductory Module by Kim, Rigdon, and Graves provides further theoretical and practical insights into the ideas contained within the notion of sustainable architecture. This article contained strong arguments as to why sustainable architecture should be implemented across the world and not just in a single specific region of one particular country. This article proved a sound reference for the chapters concerning sustainable architecture and the necessity of its use in the South-East of England. ‘Towns, plans, and society in modern Britain by Helen Meller was used to gain background knowledge of the establishment of a more vigorous and restrictive planning regulatory framework brought into operation after the end of the Second World War. That information was then included within the introduction and the specific chapter dealing with the pressures upon the use of development land. ‘Urban and Environmental Planning in the UK, by Yvonne Rydin provides useful information concerning the protection of the environment through planning regulations and restrictions. Provides good reference material as to how the British government and the European Union have attempted to reduce environmental damage through restrictions on development land and building or other regulations to cut pollution and enhance sustainability. ‘A History of Britain 3, End of Empire 1776 – 2000, by Simon Schama was used to gain information as to why the Conservative party did not overturn the extended provision of council houses introduced by the Atlee government until after 1979. The book also had information about the ideological changes that Margaret Thatcher brought into Britain and the consequences of such changes. ‘An Environmental History of Twentieth Century Britain by John Sheail was a book, which discussed the developments within the environment of Britain between 1900 and 2000. Sheail examines how the understanding of environmental issues in Britain developed in the latter part of the twentieth century. The book was informative in relation to the development of policies that were intended to protect the environment and promote sustainability. ‘The City – In time and space by Aidan Southall was a book used to assist with the description and evaluation of the use as well as the restrictions placed upon the availability of development land within Britain. Southalls account in particular provided information concerning the effective regeneration of brown field sites within the immediate vicinity of London besides providing an insight into the construction of the new towns in the aftermath of the Second World War. ‘Ecological Architecture: A critical history by Steele provided some useful practical and theoretical information about the concepts and the designs of sustainable architecture. ‘Life Cycle Analysis for Automobiles, by Sulivan and Hu was used solely for the data concerning the amount of energy needed to produce aluminium, polyethene, PVC and steel, comparing the consumption to produce the materials new with when those products are recycled. ‘Urban Planning Since 1945 by Nigel Taylor was a highly useful source of information with regard to the development and the continuation of planning restrictions as well as building regulations. The information about the uses of town and country planning besides the motivations for the establishment and the continuation of green belt land areas was of great use. Taylor also included some succinct information about environmental sustainability within this book. Brenda Vales ‘Green Architecture: Design for a Sustainable Future is a good introduction to the concepts and the designs most strongly linked with sustainable development. Chapter Two Development Land Prior to the start of the twentieth century there was very little formal or legal regulation or planning undertaken when it came down to the use of development land. There was in effect little to prevent the construction of new building programmes, let alone notions about limiting the size and the scope of such programmes to protect the environment or promote ecological sustainability (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). Central government by and large did not intervene to prevent individuals, businesses of various sizes, or indeed local authorities from using development land in any way that they wished to do so. The central government was willing to permit any parties to construct new buildings upon such development land, especially if the party responsible for constructing such buildings already owned the land, which was been built upon (Greed, 1996 p. 2). The freedom with which new buildings could be built was demonstrated by the ability of the majority of landowners to choose the style of architecture in the construction of their homes, factories, or shops. Landowners had the option of making their buildings as grand as possible or as cheap to construct as possible (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). They did not have to consider that their right to build on their land would be restricted by the location of that land in relation to the nearest city or its place in the countryside. Landowners and their architects did not believe that there was any profound need to change what they built or how they built it in order to protect the environment and promote sustainability (Sheail, 2003 p. 2). Those building regulations that did exist were generally very minimalist in their actual nature, and were usually introduced on an ad hoc basis. Architecture and the development of land were more likely to be influenced by changes in technology or improvements in economic development, as well as change in fashion and styles (Meller, 1997 p. 63). For instance, these houses started to have gas, electricity, and water supplies installed. These supplies of utility services were regulated by the central government (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Those services were also supplied to factories and shops, which were increasingly subject to health, and safety standards that were intended to prevent accidents, yet paid no attention to the land that they happened to be constructed on (Sheail, 2003 p. 2). The nineteenth century witnessed a quantum leap forward in the amount of land, which was built upon due to a raising population as well as increased levels of industrialisation . These factors happened to coincide with the development of improved infrastructure such as roads, railways, sewage systems, public hospitals, and schools. The development of such infrastructure required large quantities of land, labour, and resources to be successfully completed, whilst in turn promoting higher levels of industrialisation and the migration of people from the countryside to the expanding cities. Some cities and regions benefited economically from such industrialisation more than others did. In Britain, industrialisation benefited the regions surrounding Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, and Glasgow. Over all though London and the South-East of England retained their position as the most prosperous region within Britain. Industrialisationcame at a cost, namely pollution and greater levels of social inequality (Southall, 2000 p. 335) . The development of gas, electricity, and water supplies alongside sewage systems made domestic houses more comfortable to live in and factories more productive due to having greater efficiency (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Before a system of urban and rural planning were introduced there was no specifically set aside development land. Market forces determined the use of land and what if anything was built upon it. If landowners found that their land was most profitably used for agricultural purposes then it would remain as agricultural land (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). If, however more money could be made from building houses, shops, or factories on their land, then that is what usually happened to that land. Landowners could also be tempted to sell their land to property developers, construction firms, or industrial enterprises if they were lucky enough to own land that those other parties felt in urgent need of developing (Meller, 1997 p. 62). It was market forces that drove the industrial revolution in Britain as well as also promoting the process of urbanisation. The processes of industrialisation and urbanisation meant that cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow greatly expanded in ter ms of both their geographical areas and their total population levels, which led to shrinkage in the size of rural areas in Britain as a whole (Southall, 2000 p. 335). It was also market forces that determined the location, size, and scope of housing, factories, and commercial buildings. There were no limitations to the size, location or scope of such buildings, and absolutely no attention was given to the environmental consequences of these building programmes (Sheail, 2003 p 2). The absence of building regulations and restrictions on the use of land meant that there was a great deal of unhealthy and substandard slum housing, which caused widespread illness. Illness occurred besides reflecting the poverty of those people that were unfortunate enough to have to live in such areas (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Planning regulations would have undoubtedly improved conditions, for instance introducing proper sanitation into the slums or having substandard housing replaced by higher quality houses for people to move into (Southall, 2000 p. 335). In rural areas fears that heavy industry and unsightly slums would eventually over take all the land within their close proximity prompted the foundation of organisations dedicated to the physical preservation of the countryside, the rural way of life, and its wildlife (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). The countryside preservation organisations would eventually have a strong influence on the establishment of the gree n belt zones and the restricted availability of development land in the more predominantly rural areas of Britain (Allmendinger and Thomas, 1998 p. 55). It was after the end of the First World War that the central government and local authorities took a greater interest in the construction of housing and how land was actually being used in domestic housing and industrial or commercial construction programmes. The role of the market in deciding how many houses were built and the location of where those houses were constructed was reduced with the development of council houses (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). The provision of affordable housing built by local authorities and subsidised by central government funding meant that there was increased public involvement in the determination of land usage. The use, abuse, or the non-use of land was no longer solely determined by market forces. The involvement of central government and local authorities was intended to reduce poverty, ill health, and social exclusion. At no point in the inter-war period were measures taken to introduce town and country planning with the intention of protecting the environ ment or promoting sustainability as nobody considered such steps were necessary. The First World War had only witnessed very minimal levels of property damage caused by German naval attacks and bombing raids on Britain, so there was no widespread need for urgent reconstruction programmes as there would be at the end of the Second World War (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). The central government first took legislative measures to restrict the use of development land within the remit of the Town and Country Planning Act of 1925, although planning decisions were usually left to individual local authorities to be e

Urban Legend of Vanishing Hitchhiker in Pakistan Essay -- Urban Legend

The Vanishing Hitchhiker in Pakistan During my search for stories, I met a sophomore, nineteen year old male student who is majoring in Chemistry and Math. His parents are from Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Currently, he lives in Maryland. His father is a cardiologist and his mother is a housewife. His parents immigrated to the United States in the 1970's. The source says this story is known by almost three quarters of the people living in Pakistan. His uncle initially told him the story when he went back to Pakistan for the first time. The story takes place in the mountainous regions of Pakistan that are fairly remote from civilization. However, other versions take place in a middle of small towns. One day, a man is driving along a road that is often surrounded by repetitive landscape, such as continuous mountains and plains. Upon driving for quite some time, he spots a silhouette of a woman a kilometer down the road. As he gets closer, he realizes that it is a young woman wearing a slender white dress, and from her expression, he deduces that she has lost her way and needs to get home. From a quick glimpse at her face, he realizes that she is very beautiful. Confused, but being the caring gentleman that he is, he offers her a ride back to her home. She meekly nods as she slowly enters the car and sits in the passenger seat. He begins talking to her, and the subject matter often varies in different variations, but the consensus is that it is small talk. From the moment she speaks, he is astonished by her beautiful voice. Before long, the man actually becomes attracted to her. They continue talking as he continues driving. At one point in their conversation, he reaches to the right to get his drink by his sid... ...s of society will not recognize one in an encounter either. This reflects the fear that one cannot distinguish the real world from the supernatural world. Works Cited Bennett, Gillian. The Vanishing Hitchhiker at Forty-Five. Long Beach: Western States Folklore Society, 1998. Brunvand, Jan Harold. The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends & Their Meanings. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981. Littlejohn, Carol. "Urban Legends and Other Scary Stories." Unknown journal.15.2 (1996): 27-31. Okonowicz, Ed. Baltimore Ghosts: History, Mystery, Legends, and Lore. Elkton: Myst and Lace Publishing, 2004. Turetsky, Rita. Ghosts and Evil Spirits. Publication information unknown. Wilson, Michael. "The Point of Horror: The Relationship Between Teenage Popular Horror Fiction and the Oral Repertoire." Children's Literature in Education 31.1 (2000): 31-40.

One Today- Poem Analysis Essay

Richard Blanco is a Cuban- American poet who was given the oppurunity to write an inaugaration poem for Barack Obama’s second swearing-in. He wrote a poem titled â€Å"One Today† that praised the good and unique things about the United States and also the everyday people who’s daily routines help to make America the proud country that it is. Blanco uses several rhetorical devices throughout â€Å"One Today†, more so in the first few stanzas. An example of figurative language he used was the repetition of certain words or similar words in order to create a flow within the poem. My face, your face, millions of faces in morning’s mirrors† is a line in the poem that best represents this. Blanco also uses personification to give a better description of the beauty that he is describing, such as â€Å"plum blush of dusk†. Another use of figurative language found in stanza four is the repetition of the word â€Å"hands† which he uses to represent the many hard-working hands of America and the things they do to contribute to the well-being of the country. The word choice in the poem is a big part of what I think ties the whole poem together, and creates a theme that carries through each stanza. As you read the poem you will notice the excessive use of the word â€Å"one† which is most often featured at the beginning of a stanza and followed by something that connects everyone in the country together. An example of this is the first line in the fourth stanza of the poem, which reads â€Å"One ground. Our ground, rooting us to every stalk of corn, every head of wheat sown by sweat and hands†¦ . Another example is the use of words that represent movement. â€Å"Rose, charging, crescendoing, teeming, launching, jetting† are all words used throughout the poem that outline the daily movement that occurs in the lives of American citizens. In the sixth stanza of the poem Blanco gives examples of the many different ways that you may hear U. S residents say hello. I think that he did this to represent the many different cultures that make up the population of the United States, and the vast amount of languages that they speak. I think the tone and voice that this poem has is that of pride and patriotism. The author does this by outlining the good qualities that the United States has to offer. However he does this is in such away that it does not sound like bragging, because he does not boast about all of the beauty or things that America is known for but rather the people who work to make it this way and how these things bring them together. â€Å"One Today† is of course written in a formal manner because of the occasion that that it was written for. That is why it does not contain any humour, abbreveations or informal language. I think that the voice that the author used in this poem fit the occasion perfectly because it was straight forward, easily understandable and relatable to any American citizen. The sentence structure of this poem is unlike a lot of poems that you might see where the lines are of equal length and contain the same amount of sylables. Rather than taking that approach, Blanco’s poem contained senteneces, and lines that were all of different length. For example, in the second stanza blanco included two very long lines that included dashes and comma’s because he was creating a list. Some of the very short lines feautured throughout the poem occur beacause the sentence was too long to fit into the line before and was continued in the next line. After I applied all of these craft techniques to the poem â€Å"One Today† it helped me to better understand why the author wrote it the way that he did.

Star Trek IV essays

Star Trek IV essays Adm. Kirk William Shatner Mr. Spock Leonard Nimoy McCoy DeForest Kelley Gillian Taylor Catherine Hicks Federation president Robt. Ellenstein Cartwright Brock Peters Klingon ambassador John Schuck This film blew me away. Comparing to all other Star Trek films and episodes, this one is by far the most bizarre, funniest, and best one so far. I give the scriptwriters a lot of credit for coming up with the strangest but interesting plot. The crew must travel back in time to find humpback whales to sing in order to save the planet from the probe. Contrasting to Time Machine, the crew travels back in time while in Time Machine, they travel forward in time. The film opens up with some leftover stuff from the last film, which is not really relevant to this film. The crew is left with the Klingon ship they acquired, which they must use to save the planet. After the crew decides to travel home they come across a probe from the sea that need the songs of whales to break the signal. They find out whales are extinct in the 23rd century so they must travel back to San Francisco in the 20th century to find some. So this turns out to be their mission before the go home. The crew actually makes me laugh hysterically in this film. Starting with Spock, he says the funniest lines on accident trying to be logical with everything because of the way his non-human side is. Captain Kirk finds out he has a crush waiting for him in San Francisco, and turns out she comes with the crew to the 23rd century. The most interesting parts in the film are not in space. They are in the states because an audience is not used to seeing the crew interact with other humans. It is sort of funny to see what will hap ...

Latimer essays

Latimer essays On Sunday, October 24, 1993, Robert Latimer killed his daughter, Tracy Latimer. Robert Latimer placed Tracy in his truck and ran a hose from the exhaust pipe into the cab of the truck. Tracy was killed by carbon monoxide poisoning and Robert Latimer confessed to the murder. What makes this case so unique and debated is that Tracy Latimer had cerebral palsy. Robert Latimer has been in court several times and has only served minimal time in jail. On November 16, 1994, he was first convicted of second degree murder and sentenced to life in jail with no parole for ten years. This ruling was overturned due to a technicality in the case. The second conviction occurred on December 1, 1997. Rather than receiving the minimum sentence for second degree murder, Judge Noble made an unprecedented exemption from the second degree murder minimum sentence. He sentenced Robert Latimer to one year in a provincial jail and one year of house arrest on his farm in Wilkie, Saskatchewan. Both the crown and the defence appealed the conviction. The case is still in the courts. Our legal system is not yet equipped to deal with euthanasia cases. The law is very unclear about consequences for euthanasia. Robert Latimer deemed that Tracy was better off dead and that he killed her out of love, but who has the right to determine who should live and who should die? Society tends to define people by their ability to produce. Anyone who is unproductive is seen as being of little worth. According to a survey conducted by Angus Ried Group, 73% of Canadians believe Robert Latimer should receive a more lenient sentence and of that 73%, 41% said mercy killing should not be against the law. I believe society needs to re-evaluate its stand on this moral issue Robert Latimer killed Tracy because he said that he could no longer allow Tracy to endure all the pain she was experiencing. People call it mercy killing but I believe Tracy was murdered. In some people'...

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Assignment - Essay Example ms, and partnerships and always strive to attract and retain the youth in their programs by instilling a sense of belonging, satisfaction and familiarity within the Greater Saint John. The organization’s purpose is the creation of a sense of belonging in the community by engaging the people and providing them with opportunities for growth (Heidemann, 2009). These statements make a lot of sense since from the organization’s list of events and achievements it has sought to accomplish these goals by relating positively with the government, community, and the sponsors (Davies, 2008). It has also started mentorship programs and organized lectures and speeches for the youths. They are Saint John Board of Trade, Enterprise Saint John, Teen Resource Center, Skate to Care, Saint John Christmas Exchange, and Saint John Dragon Boat Festival. There stakeholders currently not served are Ernst & Young, Irving, Cox & Palmer, Silver Sponsors, Mariner, Hilton Saint John, Bayview Credit Union and Brunswick Pipeline. They are currently not served because they are not community partners with FUSION SAINT JOHN but sponsors. However, they can be targeted by establishing appropriate engagement and communication channels geared towards the community’s

Study Guide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Study Guide - Coursework Example His music was mainly politically focused thus being referred to as King of Blues. I agree with Peter Wald, that Josh White had become a leading top blind blue singer in the 1920s, and the first young man to stir a competition in the race record market (Wald 75). During the period of 1920, Josh White was considered the most popular blue stars and could not even be compared to Robert Johnson. Later on in 1930s, he discovered the notorious New York public which occasionally appeared alongside his jazz band making it become popular in the folk world as many of his counterparts referred to him as Mr. Folk. Amidst, all these Josh White struggled to maintain a balance that will keep his career afloat by making a declaration that his main purpose was to unite the communist. In conclusion, Josh White’s outspoken stance on civil rights issues were greatly manifested during the folk revival. This accorded him the opportunity to be renowned as the most popular folksinger enabling him performs in such events like the Martin Luther King’s promotion at glory (Wald

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 14

Assignment - Essay Example This legitimate designation of ownership of property to an individual or firm is essential in that it aids in clearly defining the way that the said property is to be utilized. As such, this makes it easier to utilize a property such that its maximum potential can be realized. Additionally, the convenience that is gained from this legitimate designation is that the possibility for wrangles and constant disagreements over the said property are reduced, and this eventually improves societal cohesion and better mutual existence. Historically, property was basically a term used to define land ownership. This is due to the fact that land was, and still is, one of the most important human resources. However, with the dynamism of the contemporary society, the definition for property has continually evolved. There are numerous changes that cannot be ignored, and this calls for the adoption of various ways to define property in line with the need to adapt to the changes that define the contemporary society. Consequently, this is the perspective from which private property comes in, as it tries to consider the issue of property ownership in light of the dynamics that define the current society. As such, there are various definitions and perspectives from which the issue of property ownership can be viewed, with each perspective offering a completely different insight in light of the numerous facets of the society. In most cases, private property is all about property that is owned by individuals specifically for their own personal use. Under this consideration, the assumption is that private property is distinguishable from public property in that public property is owned by governmental agencies, and used for the broad benefit of the general society. This means that while public property is specifically for public use as allocated by the governmental authority in charge, private property is specifically for private use, with the legal

Principles of the early years framework Essay Example for Free

Principles of the early years framework Essay Essay about the purposes and principles of the early years framework. The legal regulations under section 39 of the childcare act 2006 gives the early years foundation stage (EYFS) , that came into force in Sept. 2008 and providers are required to use the EYFS to ensure a flexible approach to children’s learning and development so that children will achieve the five every child matters outcomes which are : * Staying safe* Being healthy * Enjoying and achieving * Making a positive contribution * Achieving economic well- being In 2012 the EYFS was revised and made simpler and came into force on 1st sept, it made a number of changes and one of these was to make a stronger emphasis on the 3 prime areas which are the most important to a child’s healthy development these areas are: * Communication and language development* Physical and personal development * Social and emotional development The statutory framework for the EYFS give clear legal requirements to relate to learning and development and also relating to safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare, suitable people i. e. keyworkers, suitable premises, environment and equipment and organisation and documentation. The learning and development requirements have legal force by EYFS order 2007 from section 39(1) (a) of the childcare act 2006. The welfare requirements are given legal force by section 39(1) (b) of childcare act 2006. Together they form the legal basis of the EYFS and have statutory virtue of section 44(1) of the childcare act 2006. Practice guidance for the early year’s foundation stage gives practitioners guidance on how to meet the necessary requirements to the EYFS framework. It provides advice and information on how to support children’s learning and development and welfare. Also you can get guidance for children’s development in a section called development matters and this gives help and information to help practitioners to understand and support children in development pathways which are: * Personal, social and emotional development * Communication, language and literacy * Problem-solving, reasoning and numeracy * Knowledge and understanding of the world * Physical development * Creative development * Every child is different they are all individual in their own right and all children varied needs. Meeting every child’s needs can be difficult even though they are grouped with other children their age. Many children will meet their development needs expected for their age but others will have needs which are characteristic of much younger or older children. We must recognise the child’s needs and meet children’s development needs to help them achieve. We must consider each child’s physical maturity, intellectual abilities, emotional development, social skills, past experiences and relationships. Respecting children and help them to develop in a positive, caring, nurturing and responsive childcare environment. Throughout history we have had people that stood up and fort for young children’s needs and these people have influenced the UK current early years provisions. * Fred Froebel (1782-1852) founded the first kindergarten and learned that it was important for children to get involved in real experiences which meant being physically active. He believed that everything was linked and called the principle of unity and also principle of opposition or ‘gifts’. * Maria Montessori (1870- 1952) worked with children with learning difficulties in Rome Italy. She spent hours observing children and found that children go through sensitive periods of development when they are particularly receptive to particular areas of learning. She saw children as active learners. * Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) believed in three phases of childhood. The will, 0 to 7 years he said the spirit fuses the body at this stage. The heart, 7 to 14 years a rhythmic system of the beating heart and the chest that respiratory system meant that felling was important during this time. The head, 14 years and onwards was the time for thinking. * Margaret McMillan (1860-1931) believed I first-hand experience and active learning she said that relationships, feeling and ideas were all physical aspects of moving and learning, she believed children would become whole people through play which helped them apply knowledge and understanding. * Susan Isaacs (1885-1948) valued play she believed it gave children freedom to think, feel and relate to others. She said that children can’t in just classrooms sat at tables and write they need to move around and explore to learn too. * The Reggio Emilia approach had a number of key features that attracted worldwide attention these were: Community support and parental involvement. Administrative policies and organisational features. Teachers as learners. The role of the environment. Long-term projects as vehicles for learning. The hundred languages of children. * The highScope approach encourages children to make their own choice of activities. It encourages active and independent learning by involving children in the planning, doing and reviewing. They still have some adult- directed activities such as story- time and PE but they work around the plan – do – review cycle of planning its key features are Active learning Personal initiative Consistency Genuine relationships Building a strong partnership with parents Appropriate curriculum.

Japan vs. China Essay -- Economy Geography Papers Asia

Japan vs. China The region known as East Asia has long been in area of conflict, where often times one power, or group of powers has dominated the people, politics, and economy in a very authoritarian fashion. At first it was the Chinese Imperial system which dominated East Asia, as the strongest and most wealthy Asian power during the pre-colonial period. Japan was in a state of isolation, and the other countries of the region were dependent on China for many things. However, with the coming of the colonial powers from Europe and North America, China’s regional power was all but destroyed (4). During that time period, Japan began a process of rapid industrialization and modernization in order to counteract western colonialism and prevent the Western powers from taking over Japan like they did with China (5). Since then, Japan has been a competitor with China for regional dominance and hegemony. From a historical perspective, both China and Japan have occupied the place of regional hegemon, albeit at different times. China was the regional power in the pre-colonial era, often times exercising its influence over its smaller neighbors. This dominance was in large part because of the sheer size of China, in addition to the power of ancient China under the Emperors. The Great Wall of China was a testament to the ancient strength of China during the pre-colonial period (4). However, once the colonial period began, the power of China was destroyed by the Western powers. During this time period and immediately afterwards, China was a weak nation, often times on the brink of civil war and societal collapse (2). The result of this weakness was the rise of warlord-ism and the destruction of unified China. The GMD (Nationalists)... ...tors all give Japan the advantage; however China is not far behind Japan in the contest. With the largest population in the world and the world’s largest standing army, China is still a force to be reckoned with, albeit not as important as Japan seems to be. Although the future is very uncertain (given China’s unstable political system and what effects the economic growth will have upon it) it can be said that for the coming few years, Japan will continue to be on top of China. How long that lasts is impossible to determine, but given the current set of circumstances, China will surpass Japan in the future as regional hegemon. Works Cited 1. Lecture Notes/ in class discussion 2. Mao’s China and After By Maurice Meisner 3. Japan from Tokugawa to the Present by Andrew Gordon 4. in class video on pre-colonial China. 5. in class video on Japan’s modernization Japan vs. China Essay -- Economy Geography Papers Asia Japan vs. China The region known as East Asia has long been in area of conflict, where often times one power, or group of powers has dominated the people, politics, and economy in a very authoritarian fashion. At first it was the Chinese Imperial system which dominated East Asia, as the strongest and most wealthy Asian power during the pre-colonial period. Japan was in a state of isolation, and the other countries of the region were dependent on China for many things. However, with the coming of the colonial powers from Europe and North America, China’s regional power was all but destroyed (4). During that time period, Japan began a process of rapid industrialization and modernization in order to counteract western colonialism and prevent the Western powers from taking over Japan like they did with China (5). Since then, Japan has been a competitor with China for regional dominance and hegemony. From a historical perspective, both China and Japan have occupied the place of regional hegemon, albeit at different times. China was the regional power in the pre-colonial era, often times exercising its influence over its smaller neighbors. This dominance was in large part because of the sheer size of China, in addition to the power of ancient China under the Emperors. The Great Wall of China was a testament to the ancient strength of China during the pre-colonial period (4). However, once the colonial period began, the power of China was destroyed by the Western powers. During this time period and immediately afterwards, China was a weak nation, often times on the brink of civil war and societal collapse (2). The result of this weakness was the rise of warlord-ism and the destruction of unified China. The GMD (Nationalists)... ...tors all give Japan the advantage; however China is not far behind Japan in the contest. With the largest population in the world and the world’s largest standing army, China is still a force to be reckoned with, albeit not as important as Japan seems to be. Although the future is very uncertain (given China’s unstable political system and what effects the economic growth will have upon it) it can be said that for the coming few years, Japan will continue to be on top of China. How long that lasts is impossible to determine, but given the current set of circumstances, China will surpass Japan in the future as regional hegemon. Works Cited 1. Lecture Notes/ in class discussion 2. Mao’s China and After By Maurice Meisner 3. Japan from Tokugawa to the Present by Andrew Gordon 4. in class video on pre-colonial China. 5. in class video on Japan’s modernization