Soccer Cant Make the Big Time in the U.S.A. :: Cause Effect Essay Sports

Soccer Cant Make the Big Time in the U.S.A. Soccer or football (or foosball or futbol), as it is called by the rest of the world outside the United States is surely the most universal drama in the world. Every four years, the world championship of soccer, the cosmea Cup, is watched by literally billions all over the world, beating out the United States professional footballs Superbowl by far. It is estimated that 1.7 billion television system viewers watched the reality Cup final exam between France and Brazil in July of 1998. And it is also a genuine world championship, involving teams from 32 countries in the final rounds, unlike the much more parochial and misnamed World Series in American baseball (that doesnt even involve Japan or Cuba, two baseball hotbeds). But although soccer has become an important sport in the American sports scene, it will never make inroads into the hearts and markets of American sports the way that football, basketball, hockey, baseball, and e ven tennis and golf have done. There are many a(prenominal) reasons for this. Recently the New England Revolution beat the Tampa Bay Mutiny in a game played during a horrid rainstorm. Nearly 5000 fans showed up, which shows that soccer is, indeed, popular in the United States. However, the story of the game was buried near the back of the newspapers sports section, and there was certainly no television coverage. In fact, the biggest reason for soccers failure as a mass appeal sport in the United States is that it doesnt conform easily to the demands of television. Basketball succeeds enormously in America because it regularly schedules what it calls television time-outs as well as the time-outs that the teams themselves call to re-group, not to mention half-times and, on the professional level, quarter breaks. Those time-outs in the action are ideally made for television commercials. And television coverage is the lifeblood of American sports. College basketball drop dead s for a game scheduled on CBS or ESPN (highly recruited high school players are more likely to go to a team that regularly gets national television exposure), and we could even say that television coverage has dictated the pace and feel of American football. Anyone who has attended a live football game knows how commercial time-outs slow the game and sometimes, at its most exciting moments, disrupt the flow of events.

Connection in Forster’s Howards End Essay -- Howards End Essays

The epigraph of E.M. Forsters novel Howards End is just two words only connect. As economical as this gesture seems, critics and interpreters have made practically of this succinct epigraph and the theme of connection in Howards End. Stephen Land, for example, cites a demand for connection, in the sense of moving freely between the two Forsterian worlds - the two sides of the hedge, the customary world of social norms and the arcadian or paradisal world of individual self-realization - has its roots in earlier stories... 1 He goes on to say that severally character must reconcile or connect for himself the range of conceptual polarities exposed by the story - prose and passion, seen and unseen, masculine and feminine, new and old (Land, 165). Land reads the novel as some sort of compromise between these two worlds - the realm of social justice and the realm of the individual. Other critics have made similar gestures. jam McConkey, for one, feels that Margaret entrust reconcil e the human and transcendent realms so that she may live in harmony with the human the voice senses the connection through its remove from both. 2 These critics seem to blear connection with reconciliation, seem to read the novel as a triumph for humanism and social justice. I feel this is a little firearm of . . . fudging. True, the characters in Howards End experience reconciliation at the close of the novel - but reconciliation occurs only when love passes out of the novel, when the narrative ceases to be a bridge between two worlds. The meaning of the word connect diminishes as the novel progresses, gradually loses its mythic, transcendent meaning. The only connect moment referenced in the epigraph comes wh... ...any remnant of the bridge between the paradisal world and the world of manners and civic duty. The concept of connection is so degraded as to be unrecognizable. This is what happens subsequently love fails. The celestial omnibus will not stop at Howards End again. 1 Stephen Land. Challenge and Conventionality in the Fiction of E.M. Forster. New York AMS Press, 1990 (165). Hereafter cited parenthetically. 2 James McConkey. The Novels of E.M. Forster. New York Cornell University Press, 1957 (79). 3 E.M. Forster. Howards End. New York Penguin, 1986 (154). Hereafter cited parenthetically. 4 E.M. Forster. The Celestial Omnibus. The Collected Tales of E.M. Forster. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1952 (61). It seems prudent to note that this story was first published in 1911, one category after Howards End appeared.

Children in the Third World Essay -- World Poverty Essays

Children in the Third population We give-up the ghost in an imperfect domain of a function where penury is a reality. Forty one thousand children die per year of starvation. everywhere 1 billion cities face unemployment and poverty day to day. Three-fourths of the worlds largest poverty population live in the Third World Countries, which includes developing countries, mainly Africa, Asia, and Latin America. before the term Third World meant all those not supporting communism and the Western countries. Now, it is a term used to thread the pitiable countries of the world. These countries face hunger, diseases, illiteracy, and lamentable health c atomic number 18 on a day to day basis. They ready high population increases, the death rates have lowered over the years, just now the birth rates are still high. Because of these increases in population and the low amount of resources available to accommodate these people, hunger is a rapidly increasing trouble for the Third Worl d. The average spending per capita is $660 in a developing country, $13,100 in a developed country, and $19,800 in the United States. 60% of the Third World lives in extreme poverty. I knew that poverty exists, but it never occurred to me that most of the people in this world live in poverty. (Junior Padma Krishnan) That is the puzzle with people today, many do not realize what a reality poverty is. That is the key word, Reality. Many sit back and watch the commercials on children sharp-set in Kenya or the bloated stomachs of the feed or undernourished in Somalia, but how many actually think about what a problem this is? What is being do to help these people? Is it elegant for those in America who make millions of dollars a year to ignore this and allow these children to starve? Children by far suff... ...s imported from the poor countries, and we buy more nutriment from 36 of the 40 countries. Is this something that we , as Americans, can be proud of? The horrific conditions experienced by the people of the third world are conditions that we can only if begin to try to understand. Twenty five percent of children will die before their fifth birthday, and those who live will live without many things they need and are entitled to. Children are the future, they need to be tomorrows solutions, not tomorrows problems. There are many people out there working to eliminate poverty and cleanse living conditions for those in the third world countries, but they cannot do it alone. Everyone should take it upon themselves to do something. It may seem like an unrealistic to solve, but if everyone would work together, poverty would be lost and the third world would be a better place. Children in the Third World Essay -- World Poverty EssaysChildren in the Third World We live in an imperfect world where poverty is a reality. Forty thousand children die per year of starvation. Over 1 billion cities face unemployment and poverty day to day. Three-four ths of the worlds largest poverty population live in the Third World Countries, which includes underdeveloped countries, mainly Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Originally the term Third World meant all those not supporting communism and the Western countries. Now, it is a term used to describe the poor countries of the world. These countries face hunger, diseases, illiteracy, and poor health care on a day to day basis. They have high population increases, the death rates have lowered over the years, but the birth rates are still high. Because of these increases in population and the low amount of resources available to accommodate these people, hunger is a rapidly increasing problem for the Third World. The average spending per capita is $660 in a developing country, $13,100 in a developed country, and $19,800 in the United States. 60% of the Third World lives in extreme poverty. I knew that poverty exists, but it never occurred to me that most of the people in this world live in p overty. (Junior Padma Krishnan) That is the problem with people today, many do not realize what a reality poverty is. That is the key word, Reality. Many sit back and watch the commercials on children starving in Kenya or the bloated stomachs of the malnourished or undernourished in Somalia, but how many actually think about what a problem this is? What is being done to help these people? Is it fair for those in America who make millions of dollars a year to ignore this and allow these children to starve? Children by far suff... ...s imported from the poor countries, and we buy more food from 36 of the 40 countries. Is this something that we , as Americans, can be proud of? The horrific conditions experienced by the people of the third world are conditions that we can only begin to try to understand. Twenty five percent of children will die before their fifth birthday, and those who live will live without many things they need and are entitled to. Children are the future, they need to be tomorrows solutions, not tomorrows problems. There are many people out there working to eliminate poverty and improve living conditions for those in the third world countries, but they cannot do it alone. Everyone should take it upon themselves to do something. It may seem like an impossible to solve, but if everyone would work together, poverty would be lost and the third world would be a better place.

me :: essays research papers

CONTACTING MCAFEE AND NETWORK ASSOCIATESLast updated February 12, 2003This file is best viewed in Courier font toproperly display special characters for variouslanguages._______________________________________________WHATS IN THIS read- Technical Support- Customer portion- Download Support- AVERT Anti-Virus Emergency Response Team- McAfee Beta Program- On-Site Training- insurance coverage a Problem- Linguistic Feedback- engagement Associates Offices Worldwide_______________________________________________TECHNICAL SUPPORTVisit the engagement Associates Technical SupportKnowledgeCenter athttp//knowledge.nai.comThe KnowledgeCenter provides- For all customers, access to harvest-feast FAQs,Documentation, White Papers, and the MessageBoard (read-only).- For PrimeSupport customers, access to searchthe KnowledgeBase, write into the MessageBoard, and contact skillful promote staffvia e-mail.For information on PrimeSupport options,contact your gross revenue representative or visit theweb sitewww.mcafeeb2b.com/ brook/primesupport/default.asp_______________________________________________CUSTOMER SERVICEThe Customer work Department is available toconnect you to technical support or to answergeneral (non-technical) questions such as- Version Definition information aboutUpdates and Upgrades- Customer Queries help with licenseentitlement, registration, grant numberinquiries, technical support validation, andmore- Find a Sales Representative Corporate, US,and international sales officesInternet Access to Customer ServiceE-mail services_corporate_divisionnai.comWeb www.nai.comwww.mcafeeb2b.comtoll-free Telephone Access to CustomerService+1-888-VIRUS NO (+1-888-847-8766)CanadaLatin AmericaUnited StatesMonday - Friday, 8 a.m. - 8 p.m.,Central Time00800 12255624 BelgiumDenmarkFinlandFranceGerm either(prenominal)IsraelItalyLuxembourgNetherlandsNorwayPortugalSpainSwitzerlandUnited soil00800 3122 1287Greece+1800 552171 Ireland0800 995054 South Africa020 522 827 Sweden0 800 3192 9147 TurkeyMonday - Friday, 0900 - 1800,Local Time_______________________________________________DOWNLOAD SUPPORTTo transfer files, visit the McAfee downloadsitewww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/download/- For DAT File Updateswww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/download/dats/find.aspftp//ftp.nai.com/pub/antivirus/datfiles/4.x- For Product Upgradeswww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/download/upgrade/login.aspValid grant number required. Contact NetworkAssociates Customer ServiceIf you need help navigating or downloadingfiles, call+1-972-963-8000_______________________________________________AVERT (ANTI-VIRUS EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM)To see the latest information about emergingvirus threats, render samples of potentiallyinfected files, and download updated examineengine files, EXTRA.DAT files, and similaranti-virus software for testing, visit theAVERT web site atwww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/avert/default.aspMcAfee also seeks and appreciates generalfeedback.________________________________________ _______MCAFEE BETA PROGRAMTo download rising beta software or to read aboutthe latest beta information, visit the McAfeebeta web site located atwww.mcafeeb2b.com/betaTo render beta feedback on any McAfee crop,send e-mail toavbetanai.comMcAfee is devoted to providing solutions basedon your input._______________________________________________ON-SITE TRAINING INFORMATIONContact Network Associates Customer Service orvisit the web site atwww.mcafeeb2b.com/services/mcafee-training/default.asp_______________________________________________REPORTING PROBLEMSIf you find any problems with your McAfeeproduct, please take a moment to review theproducts README file. It includes expandinformation on all Known Issues. If you findany feature that does not appear to functionproperly on your system, or if you believe an actions programme would benefit greatly fromenhancement, please contact Network Associatesor one of its resellers with your suggestionsor concerns._______________________________ ________________LINGUISTIC FEEDBACKMcAfee is devoted to providing solutions basedon customer input. If you have any linguisticfeedback or comments regarding language inMcAfee products, send e-mail to us atB2BLoc_USnai.com_______________________________________________NETWORK ASSOCIATES OFFICES WORLDWIDESend correspondence to any of the followingNetwork Associates locations.me essays research papers CONTACTING MCAFEE AND NETWORK ASSOCIATESLast updated February 12, 2003This file is best viewed in Courier font toproperly display special characters for variouslanguages._______________________________________________WHATS IN THIS saddle- Technical Support- Customer Service- Download Support- AVERT Anti-Virus Emergency Response Team- McAfee Beta Program- On-Site Training- account a Problem- Linguistic Feedback- Network Associates Offices Worldwide_______________________________________________TECHNICAL SUPPORTVisit the Network Associates Technical SupportKnowledgeCenter athttp//knowle dge.nai.comThe KnowledgeCenter provides- For all customers, access to product FAQs,Documentation, White Papers, and the MessageBoard (read-only).- For PrimeSupport customers, access to searchthe KnowledgeBase, write into the MessageBoard, and contact technical support staffvia e-mail.For information on PrimeSupport options,contact your sales representative or visit theweb sitewww.mcafeeb2b.com/support/primesupport/default.asp_______________________________________________CUSTOMER SERVICEThe Customer Service Department is available toconnect you to technical support or to answergeneral (non-technical) questions such as- Version Definition information aboutUpdates and Upgrades- Customer Queries help with licenseentitlement, registration, grant numberinquiries, technical support validation, andmore- Find a Sales Representative Corporate, US,and international sales officesInternet Access to Customer ServiceE-mail services_corporate_divisionnai.comWeb www.nai.comwww.mcafeeb2b.comtoll-fre e Telephone Access to CustomerService+1-888-VIRUS NO (+1-888-847-8766)CanadaLatin AmericaUnited StatesMonday - Friday, 8 a.m. - 8 p.m.,Central Time00800 12255624 BelgiumDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyIsraelItalyLuxembourgNetherlandsNorwayPortugalSpainSwitzerlandUnited realm00800 3122 1287Greece+1800 552171 Ireland0800 995054 South Africa020 522 827 Sweden0800 3192 9147 TurkeyMonday - Friday, 0900 - 1800,Local Time_______________________________________________DOWNLOAD SUPPORTTo download files, visit the McAfee downloadsitewww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/download/- For DAT File Updateswww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/download/dats/find.aspftp//ftp.nai.com/pub/antivirus/datfiles/4.x- For Product Upgradeswww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/download/upgrade/login.aspValid grant number required. Contact NetworkAssociates Customer ServiceIf you need help navigating or downloadingfiles, call+1-972-963-8000_______________________________________________AVERT (ANTI-VIRUS EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM)To see the lates t information about emergingvirus threats, submit samples of potentiallyinfected files, and download updated examineengine files, EXTRA.DAT files, and similaranti-virus software for testing, visit theAVERT web site atwww.mcafeeb2b.com/naicommon/avert/default.aspMcAfee also seeks and appreciates generalfeedback._______________________________________________MCAFEE BETA PROGRAMTo download young beta software or to read aboutthe latest beta information, visit the McAfeebeta web site located atwww.mcafeeb2b.com/betaTo submit beta feedback on any McAfee product,send e-mail toavbetanai.comMcAfee is devoted to providing solutions basedon your input._______________________________________________ON-SITE TRAINING INFORMATIONContact Network Associates Customer Service orvisit the web site atwww.mcafeeb2b.com/services/mcafee-training/default.asp_______________________________________________REPORTING PROBLEMSIf you find any problems with your McAfeeproduct, please take a moment to review the products README file. It includes elaborateinformation on all Known Issues. If you findany feature that does not appear to functionproperly on your system, or if you believe anapplication would benefit greatly fromenhancement, please contact Network Associatesor one of its resellers with your suggestionsor concerns._______________________________________________LINGUISTIC FEEDBACKMcAfee is devoted to providing solutions basedon customer input. If you have any linguisticfeedback or comments regarding language inMcAfee products, send e-mail to us atB2BLoc_USnai.com_______________________________________________NETWORK ASSOCIATES OFFICES WORLDWIDESend correspondence to any of the followingNetwork Associates locations.

Skin Care Essay -- essays research papers

The eyes are described as the windows of the soul, the mouth as the courier of thought, and the nose as the servant of olfaction. The skin is just the frame to the picture. Unfortunately, many judge themselves according to this frame. They could either direct feelings of content or excision of their own physical features. Good health and self-esteem go hand-in-hand during the process of exercising and establishing good health habits. The skins clarity of acne, wrinkles, and sunburns is merely an assistance to their stature of confidence. Having hearty skin is a step to confidence. Becoming worry-free of appearances is Practicing good sleeping, eating, and drinking habits lead to the success of a healthy looking person. Adolescents need about 8-10 hours of sleep a night, and adults need less than that. However, the body needs to rest and save energy for ongoing activities. Eating properly from the four basic food groups maintains the balance of proteins and nutrients. mentally ill consumption of water is more recommended by doctors than the choice of soft drinks that are out on the market. Water provides plenty of water is a the key to have that fresh natural look. When actress, Rebecca Gayheart, (the commercial model of Noxema) was interviewed by Shape magazine in the 1998 November issue, she said, "My beauty routine is basically plenty of sleep and lots of water." workout regularly will circulate blood and keep skin firm and toned. Getting involved in an activity t...

Skin Care Essay -- essays research papers

The eyes are described as the windows of the soul, the mouth as the courier of thought, and the nose as the servant of olfaction. The come up is ripe the frame to the picture. Unfortunately, many judge themselves according to this frame. They could either have feelings of content or censure of their own physical features. Good health and self-esteem go hand-in-hand during the process of exercising and establishing good health habits. The skins clarity of acne, wrinkles, and sunburns is merely an assistance to their stature of confidence. Having healthy skin is a step to confidence. Becoming worry-free of appearances is Practicing good sleeping, eating, and alcoholism habits lead to the success of a healthy looking person. Adolescents need about 8-10 hours of sleep a night, and adults need less than that. However, the body needs to rest and excuse energy for ongoing activities. Eating properly from the four basic food groups maintains the balance of proteins and nutrients. Fluid consumption of water is more recommended by doctors than the choice of kookie drinks that are out on the market. Water provides plenty of water is a the key to have that fresh natural look. When actress, Rebecca Gayheart, (the commercial model of Noxema) was interviewed by contour line magazine in the 1998 November issue, she said, "My beauty routine is basically plenty of sleep and lots of water." Exercising regularly will circulate blood and keep skin firm and toned. Getting involved in an activity t...

Cognitive Development of an Infant and Toddler Essay

Piaget based the sensorimotor stage on his observations of his own children The nib Reactiona. Circular reactions are the way of life by which infants explore the environment and get on schemes by trying to repeat chance events caused by their own motor activity. b. These reactions are first centered on the infants own body. Subsequently, they kind to manipulating objects and then to producing novel effects in the environment.Substage 1 Reflexive Schemes a. Piaget regarded newborn reflexes as the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence. b. At first, babies suck, grasp, and look in much the like way, no matter what the circumstances.Substage 2 Primary Circular Reactions-The First Learned Adaptations a. Infants develop simple motor skills and change their behavior in response to environmental demands. b. The first circular reactions are primary in that they are oriented towards the infants own bodies and motivated by basic needs.Substage 3 Secondary Circular Reactions-Makin g enkindle Sights Last a. Circular reactions of this substage are secondary in that the infants repeat actions that affect the environment. b. Infants can imitate actions that they have practiced many times.Substage 4 Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction a. Intentional, or goal directed, behavior is the combination of schemes to solve problems. b. Piaget regarded meansend action sequences as the first sign that babies appreciate physical causality. c. Object permanence is the correspondence that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight it is not yet complete in this substage. d. AB search errors are committed by infants in this substage. Infants 8- to 12-months-old only look for an object in hiding place A after the object is moved from A to hiding place B.Substage 5 tertiary Circular Reactions-Discovering current Means through ActiveExperimentation a. Circular reactions in this substage are tertiary in that the infant repeats actions with variation-explori ng the environment and bringing virtually new outcomes. b. Experimentation leads to a more advanced understanding of object permanence. Toddlers no longer make the AB search error.Substage 6 Mental Representation-Inventing New Means Through Mental Combinations a. mental representations are internal images of absent objects and past events. b. The toddler can now solve problems through symbolic means instead of trial-and-error. c. Representation allows deferred imitation-the ability to copy the behavior of models that are not immediately present. d. Functional play is motor activity with or without objects during the first form and a half in which sensorimotor schemes are practiced. e. At the end of the second year, representation permits toddlers to engage in make-believe play.

Police Corruption Essay Essay

Police Corruption can be defined as a stool of jurisprudence misconduct in which law enforcement officers break their social contract and abuse their power for mortalal or department gain. There be three forms of police force corruption. These forms are Nonfeasance, which involves failure to perform legal duty, an separate form is Misfeasance, which is failure to perform legal duty in a proper manner, and the third form is Malfeasance, which is commission of an illegal act. The three explanations of corruption are the rotten apples, departmental, and the some other focuses on factors external to the department. An example of these would be an officer might regain unappreciated for their total work and actions and it might make them corruptible.An example of departmental explanation would be if officers feel uncommitted and unsupported, their outlooks and values are reinforced by others in the group which may lead to lack of commitment in their job, thereby leading to corrupti on. Some police officers may abuse their power because they project themselves as not enforcers of the law, but them as the law itself. The low wall of silence is a term used in the United States to denote the unwritten rule that exists among officers, where they should not report on a colleagues misconduct, errors, or crimes. This may impact an officers loyalty to their profession because they are not doing their job if they are letting another officer get away with crimes, and if they did report it then they would be breaking their loyalty to match worker cops. Its important for officers to have a good ethical foundation before they enter into this job because it would help prevent them from doing wrong and abusing their power.In the Stopped for organism a Mutt video, I realized how bad some officers can act sometimes. The teen was stopped and questioned multiple times for looking suspicious, when really they were fairish racist. They were trying to provoke the teenager to j ustify an arrest. I feel the form of police corruption they were doing was misfeasance. Stopping someone because of their race, when they werent committing any crimes is humiliating to that person and is wrong of any cop to abuse their power in this way. The secular wall of silence comes up in this type of situation because some other copswitness it and knows that this goes on when officers have low numbers of stops, and they dont want to tell because they dont want to seem disloyal to their fellow police officers.In the Los Angeles Police Department video, they talked about the Rampart and Crash scandal. When I watched this video I was in disbelief that, that many officers were implicated in some form of misconduct. I visualize that they wanted to get gangs and crimes off the street but this was no way of going about it. They would shoot or beat people when they were unprovoked. They would steal narcotics and plant false evidence, and frame suspects and cover up all that these of ficers were doing because it was getting rid of the gangs and hoodlums. I cant understand how these officers didnt think what they were doing was wrong and immoral. This form of corruption in this particular situation was malfeasance. What they were doing was illegal, and they are here to protect and obey the law.In the Behind the Blue Wall video. I was extremely shocked to see the police brutality that occurred in these cases. I dont understand how an officer could deliberately jaw a victim because of their race and think they can get away with what theyre doing and that it isnt wrong. Malfeasance is the form of corruption that comes up in these cases because what they are doing is illegal. The illegal beatings and shootings of these victims, when they are not provoking the officers is completely wrong and these cases need to stop. The Blue wall of silence also comes up in these cases because there were officers who knew about what happened and what the other officers were doing and instead of reporting it, they attempted to cover it up.Co-workers should treat those who inform authorities of illegal activity in the police agency the same as how they toughened them before they reported corruption. In the virtue ethics perspective, the habit of right desire, he was making the right choice by reporting corruption because he knew that what was going on in the agency wasnt right and needed to be stopped. Frank Serpicos response to this case was Its always expenditure it to be at ataraxis with yourself. I think this does imply reasoning of ethical thought. Ithink Serpico meant that, as long as you feel good with what you are doing, and you are doing what you think is right, then that is all the matters.I agree with this because no matter what happens in the end, it is all worth it if you are at peace and happy with what you did. There are conflicts presented in terms of loyalty and duty. Loyalty is a good to have, but it is not a virtue. If loyalty is treated as a virtue, it can be misguided. It will lead to protection of illegal conduct and can turn into corruption. Officers may want to be loyal to fellow officers and not report what is really going on, however they also want to do their duty, and want to report because it is their duty to not participate in the corruption.The blue wall of silence impacts conflicting loyalty because it is an unwritten rule amongst officers to not report a fellow officers mistakes, misconducts, or crimes. This affects them if they want to be loyal to those officers and be loyal to their civic duty as well. If I was an officer in this situation, I would definitely report these crimes. I dont believe in the blue wall of silence. I think that if an officer is doing something illegal then it needs to be reported and dealt with. Just because they are officers doesnt mean they should be able to get away with things that they are arresting other citizens for doing.

Morris Inn Written

Gorings and Rorers- with local anesthetic customers. Additionally, the strategies be put into place to increase returning customers on a regular basis. Our group is determined to improve the image of the Morris Inn and replace the dated concept that is presently associated with the Morris Inn. BACKGROUND The Morris Inn was built in 1 952 on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Its expression was primarily funded by a generous donation from Ernest M. Morris, a 1906 alumnus of Notre Dame.In 2012 Ernestine Morris Carmichael Racial, the daughter of Ernest and Ella Morris, provided funding or the Morris Inn as a gift to the university. This restoration brought major improvements to the outdated Morris Inn, including expanding it from 92 rooms to 150 rooms, 18 of which argon suites. The size of the beds improved from double and single size beds to king and queen sized beds. In addition to the improvement in bed size, the renovation saw the introduction of the Irish tavern Rore rs and improvements to the fine dining restaurant Gorings.Also, the new 24-hour physical fitness center, gift shop, and the Fireside Terrace, an outdoor extension of Rorers that is complete with sofas, umbrellas, and fire its, are a leave of this renovation. RECOMMENDATIONS Increase exposure efforts in the South Bend area, epoch focusing on specific target markets In order to encourage much locals to come onto Notre Dam?s campus to eat at either Gorings or Rorers the first Step compulsioned is to increase the exposure Of each establishment in the local community.Gorings a fine dining restaurant has a small target market, middle to upper class, but also faces less competition that Rorers which faces heavy competition from other bars, particular Eddys Street establishments. As a result the selling program for Gorings and Rorers forget differ in that the efforts to expose Gorings must be concentrated and specified to reach small group, while Rorers campaign squirt cover a br oader target market. Because the target audience for Gorings will likely have a higher(prenominal) disposable income, marketing efforts for Gorings should be directed so that exposure towards higher income individuals will be maximized.Initially, the Morris Inn management should contact local line of merchandisees in an attempt to lure in business lunches and dinners, which historically are held at higher end establishments. Emails, calls and mail advertisements are all possible means of alerting the local business communities to the possibility using Gorings for meetings. Furthermore, the University is heavily conglomerate in the local economy, and taking out partners, donors, clients and other business affiliates to dinners at Gorings will help to increase exposure for the restaurant in the local business community.Also, to tempt higher income individuals and families, Gorings should advertise with local private enlightens. Schools much(prenominal) as SST. Joeys are likely to have on average families with higher disposable incomes, and wherefore can afford o eat at a higher end establishment such as Gorings. Sponsoring school sports teams, donations in Gorings name, and dinners at school fund raising auctions are all possible means of reaching to parents. Rorers target market differs from Gorings in that it is a much broader group than Gorings.A much higher percentage of the local community eats at bar and restaurant combination establishments on a regular basis, but on that point is also a much more competitive market. As a result, marketing efforts must be altered to reach a greater number of people, but doesnt need to be as specialized. Initially Rorers can advertise on and around Eddys Street to attempt to attract a segment of the local population that goes there to eat. The target market for Rorers is exactly the kind of people that eat regularly at Eddys street establishments such as Brothers and Resources.In addition, advertising at popular loc al events, such as Silver Hawks games and the farmers market are all opportunities to reach large segments Of the local population. In such advertisements it is important to heavily market incentives, such as free valet parking with dinner, in order to encourage attention customers to leave the establishments they regularly eat at in favor of Rorers. In addition, advertisements should be obviously tailored towards locals in order to help mitigate the apprehension that is felt by many locals in regards to coming onto campus.Produce a electropositive consumer experience that creates repeat customers The second tread in this process is to create an atmosphere for customers day or night out that favorably reflect the restaurants we are promoting. In an effort to provide a positive dining experience, the Morris Inn could coordinate tit sports teams, specifically basketball, hockey, and musical themeball (football days appear to al bear witnessy be successful). Packages including ticke ts to games as well as transportation through university golf carts to and from the hotel to various arenas could seer. E as a significant attraction for locals for fun nights out. Football weekends are flooded with visitors on campus, but filling Roses with viewers for less supported sports (but still with loyal fan bases) such as hockey and basketball could bring the consumer experience to bring customers back for more. In addition, advertising the restaurant alongside tickets and transportation with a potential discount on the whole package could pourboire the interest the hotel needs to attract nearby residents, especially those looking to save money on a family or couples night out.Along with that idea is the concept of increase ease of transportation around the Morris Inn, especially for those dining at Gorings or Rorers. The idea already in effect of free valet parking for customers of the restaurants is a novel one and hooks those concerned with the hassle of going out for dinner or a bite to eat. Free transportation to games across campus at Compton Ice Arena and the Joyce Center could do the same for the hotel as well as close the gap between Gorings, Rorers, and closer locations and competition like Legends of Notre Dame.Increase number on Investments of Social Media Strategies As a way of promoting both Rorers and Gorings, we tone that the entire Morris Inn brand should improve their presence on social media, which is currently very minimal. Morris Inns current presence is limited to Faceable, while neither of the two restaurants have a presence on any social media site. Social media is a prominent culture among people and restaurant-goers Of all ages, so it is crucial that both Rorers and Gorings become present on social media. Not only is this a enormously important aspect to the marketing of restaurants, but it is also a free method of advertising.We feel that Rorers and Gorings should have individual pages on twitter and Faceable, as they target very different crowds in their marketing plans. The Morris Inn should have a large presence on Twitter and Faceable and should feature links to the two restaurants pages in order to connect all three and create a strong brand. Both restaurants could advertise specials and special events on their respective pages and could encourage people to follow their Twitter page and like their Faceable page by offering deals only available to people who do so.Although Morris Inn already has a page on Yelp, which is a website that features restaurant reviews provided by the public, we propose that they consider paid advertising on restaurant review sites like this. Aside from paid advertising, Morris Inn should provide as many photos and as much information as possible to Yelp and similar sites to strengthen their online mage that will help to draw in visitors looking for right(a) reviews. Morris Inn should also contact local food floggers and invite them in for a free meal in exchange f or an online review to be read by potential customers.There should also be an effort to monitor on line reviews to assure that the reviews are primarily positive. BASIS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS As a team, we feel that these recommendations will increase the Morris Inns profits by creating a stronger business model. The Morris Inn has undergone major renovations, and with such renovations it is important to improve the marketing plan as well. By Meaning the original marketing plan of the Morris Inn, we feel we will be able to target a larger audience that will be more suitable for the customer base that the improved restaurants at the Morris Inn require.Rorers and Gorings require two distinct marketing plans to bring in a customized client base for each setting. Our solutions will draw the attention of each client base and therefore improve business for both restaurants. We are confident that our solutions will attract sufficient attention, while also remaining in a price range that is su itable for a struggling business. We have found convenient marketing availability in the South Bend area and have spoken to local residents who agree that our plan will target the appropriate client recess and improve business for Gorings and Rorers.There is room for further reading as the restaurants business improves including a social media plan that will gain popularity as customers increase. NEXT move We are now confident that with our suggestions The Morris Inn will have the resources to move forward and further implement the new marketing strategies. There are a few steps we feel that can be taken immediately to main exposure in the area. The first of these steps is primarily focused on personal contacts with potential clients.We have found in our research that it would be best to either purchase pre-composed emailed lists of the area or use your current records to cast out an email to all clients inviting them to dine at your new restaurants. It will also be important to make calls to frequent visitors of the university and employees of the university, particularly in the development center, who will contribute to the local atmosphere that you are trying to achieve. While it may not be the most enticing marketing plan, reaching out personally to clients will get them in the door and allow your team to explain the improvements of the Inn.There is no better way to sell something than with face-to-face contact. The second step that your team should immediately implement involves reaching out to local vendors for advertising within their companies. The Silverwares will be starting their season shortly as the go improves and it will be important to have advertisements ready for them. We have reached out to Nick Brown, the Vice President of the Silverwares, and he is willing to it down with your team and argue specific advertising availabilities based on how much money your team is willing to allocate.The Morris Performing Arts Center Will be hosting g uests like Aziza ANSI and Tyler Perry who will bring in large business and it will be important to have advertisements prepped for those events. Finally, we have spoken to SST.

Philosophy of the Mind Essay

Kants inspection of Pure ReasonIntroductionThe brush up is a treatise on metaphysics. Kant defines metaphysics as a speculative cognition that is wholly isolated and rises entirely above creation instructed by flummox. It is a cognition by untainted judgments ( non, like mathematics, cognition through with(predicate) the application of concepts to intuition), so that here discernment is to be its own pupil (xiv). This remark alone indicates that the plan of attack to make out the question How is metaphysics as science realizable?, places the question of the bearing of our data-based judgments on objects qua ontologic every(prenominal)y self-sufficient. Patently, that does non imply that the transcendental deductions will non adopt either final bearing on such issues.It means nothing more or less than that the transcendental deductions argon concerned with the question of the mere hypothesis of pure a priori judgments i.e., how it is possible that we are cognitiv ely capable of making synthetic a priori judgments at alone as an independent difficulty in its own right.The results of the investigation would provide the basis for a subsequent series of investigations into the bearing such judgments have or could have on ontolegitimately independent objects independent of perception and judgment of them. But it is a simple matter of number 1 things first let us first see what transpires when we attempt to draw on our indigenous cognitive resources alone. The treatise is accordingly a propadeutic and a preparation and a treatise on the method for an eventual(prenominal) system of pure grounds (xxii).The first Critique is nigh mind the mind in reputation hence natures dependence on that mind. The second Critique consequently shows us what cogency that mind underside have in combat-readyly shaping at least(prenominal) one aspect of nature the phenomenal self. Although, this shaping of the self through reason has a wider imp knead in that through freedom, we gain a new perspective on the entire phenomenal cosmea, the world of nature and value.That said, it is not a sm exclusively matter to describe in such specificity and detail the token faculties or powers of the mind. It seems plausible that by granting a mind-dependent nature, a different chronicle for that nature could be constructed the mind and its faculties could be sliced and diced in different ways than does Kant, although then we would be different creatures entirely something Kant does not rule out. (For Kant, clearly, a creature with a different mental make-up could experience a different nature from the same things-in-themselves.) Given his particular recipe for the mind, Kants system of freedom and exampleity reveals many things we can say about the faculty of reason.Kant begins by setting reason, which is not merely a receptive further an fighting(a) faculty, apart from everything to do with physical or sensory matter, but he mustin ess ultimately find a way to unite it with matter, in the material body of experience, in order for in that location to be freedom since, possibly oddly, freedom as we think of it can whole exist in the context of its privation determinism. That we might see these lands as disparate only reflects a failure to take Kants mind-dependent construction of nature at its word.The answer to many of the manifest impossibilities many find in Kants theory of freedom is to see freedom not as an attempt to marry freedom and nature, but sooner to marry reason (as author of freedom) and the intelligence (as author of nature). Through reasons law-imposing nature emerge moral entities indeed, a phenomenal moral realm and through the watching (and sensation) emerge objects of nature a realm of nature. If we take nature (as we experience it) as in any way a given, or even if mind-dependent, as somehow prior to freedom, the impossibilities are impossible to avoid.An Intelligible FacultyUn derstanding, reason and judgment are near often described, as faculties, that is, as faculties of the mind. Kant appears to distinguish between the passive (sensibility), the empirically conditioned but active (understanding) and the unconditionally active (reason). (575) From this we see that reason is unique among the faculties as being both(prenominal) wholly comprehensible and active. Immediately we overly see that, from one point of view, the worry of freedom is simply the problem of reason how can an unconditionally active mental power that is outside space and time be efficacious with respect to that which is in time? How can the purely rational mind brace something?Pure reason, Kant writes, is a purely intelligible faculty that is not subject to the form of time. (579) As such, we can have no direct experience of it other than the bare aware(p)ness found in the Fact of Reason. (Our psycho lawful experience of ourselves is as appearances, not as things in themselves. ) Pure practical reason is what comprises the intelligible will because it is the faculty that underlies all maxims (or actions) determining that will.Although it is law-giving (this is how it is active), it does not impose particular laws, that is, laws with empirical content, for to do so would remove its purely intelligible and a priori status. Rather, all it can offer is the form of a law. We see an example of this in the Categorical Imperative, with its admonition to test a maxim by frequentizing it. It could perhaps be argued that reason simply is the intelligible will or rather, that the intelligible will is reason. Yet the foundation of freedom, as Kant frequently points out, lies in the noumenal realm of which we can jazz nothing. Only pure practical reason can fit the bill with respect to freedom (Neiman, 1994, p.62-7).Logical ReasoningHow does the reason we encounter in its logical guise lead to the reason that produces the problem of freedom, and the other troublesome reports of the Dialectic? Reasons logical role as the faculty of inference is perhaps its most celebrated aspect. Here, as elsewhere, its raw material is not the empirical object/sensory manifold but the unifying law or belief that, through inference, reveals some intimacy of an object to us, for example, in the simple syllogism.1Kant uses this diversity of reasoning from which to extract reasons guiding principle its primary characteristic. He argues that in inference, reason endeavors to reduce the varied and manifold knowledge obtained through the understanding to the smallest number of principles, (361) revealing that reason is seeking the highest possible unity, but that this is not the unity of a possible experience, but is essentially different from such unity, which is that of understanding. (363)He ultimately reaches the following principle of reason to find for the conditioned knowledge obtained through the understanding the unconditioned whereby its unity is brought t o completion. Thus, Kant has traced the genesis of the supreme principle of pure reason that ultimately yields the transcendental nouss, and distinguishes reasons role from that of the understanding (373).This in any case lies at the basis of Kants distinction between reasons logical and transcendental, or real, use where reason is a the source of concepts and principles which it does not borrow either from the sense or from the understanding. (356) It is this principle of reason and what it yields that Kant then spends the major part of the Dialectic testing and examining, concluding that the principle itself appears sound, but specimen of its seemingly unavoidable misuse. His way out, ultimately, is to fall back on the regulative-constitutive distinctionThus pure reason, which at first seemed to promise nothing less than the lengthening of knowledge beyond all limits of experience, contains, if properly understood, nothing but regulative principlesBut ifthey be misunderstood, and treated as constitutive principles of the transcendent knowledge, they give rise, by a dazzling and deceptive illusion, to persuasion and a merely fictitious knowledge, and therewith to contradictions and eternal disputes. (730)As we have already seen, this seemingly intractable bewilder is itself resolved in favor of freedom via another distinction that is tightly linked to (if not emerges out of) constitutivity-regulativity that between theoretical and practical which reintroduces the possibility of a valid use of constitutive reason.In the entire faculty of reason only the practical can provide us with the means for going beyond the sensible world and provide cognitions of a supersensible order and connection, which, however, just because of this can be extended only so off the beaten track(predicate) as is directly prerequisite for pure practical purposes. (706)Thus pure practical reasons principle takes in us the form of the moral law as the ultimate principle that str ives systematize and unify our rules of action (our maxims), just as it sought to unify the rules of nature. And, like the principle we found to be at the root of logical reasoning, this law lies a priori in pure practical reason.Pure or Absolute SpontaneityKant frequently describes freedom as pure or unattackable spontaneity. He also ties freedom to reason and reason to spontaneity. As Kant also points out here, the understanding, as reasons close cousin, if not identical twin, is also a faculty of spontaneity, but it is one that is limited by the requirements of possible experience and so applies itself to appearances. For the understanding, that which is given (sense, sensation) drives the returnion of nature, and the understandings spontaneity is what allows us to think any object of cognition, regardless of its actuality.2Thus, the understanding, which gives us nature, does not and cannot suffice to give us freedom precisely because it is too shackled to sensation and experie nce. For reason, open-plan in the practical realm by the is, allows us to create moral entities (through creating the morally situated self), that is, reason as law-giving, as pure spontaneity is also freedom.A Given NatureAmong the things that Kants various descriptions of reason tell us, is that it has a certain(p) nature (that is, characteristics or features) that endows it with inevitable tendencies or drives. We become aware of these faculties or powers through what we do, and what and how we think, and of course we act and think by virtue of the faculties. (574) This nature appears to be given and, as such, it seems (at least from what Kant says of it) that it cannot be further explained nor analyzed. Of course, this nature is essentially our nature as rational beings. Kant frequently appeals to the nature of reason in explaining why it is that we seem always and everywhere inevitably want the questions we ask (and draw the often erroneous conclusions we tend to draw about t he world)There has always existed in the world, and there will always continue to exist, some kind of metaphysics, and with it the dialectic that is natural to pure reason. (xxxi)They transcendental estimations are not arbitrarily invented they are imposed by the very nature of reason itself, and therefore stand in necessary relation to the whole employment of understanding. (384)Guyer finds Kants appeal to nature with respect to reason problematic, arguing that that idea that our freedom itself is actually a product of nature is paradoxical because what is merely natural is precisely what would seem to be unfree rather than free. (2000, p.375)ConclusionKant insists that freedom has a central role in his philosophy that freedom and its metaphysics are wholly bound up with the metaphysics of nature and that at the root of both is the mind. Kants Critical corpus is built on the fact of our having minds composed of certain faculties or powers, passive (receptive) and active (spontaneo us or even causal), which Kant analyzes based on the manner and matter of the experiences they yield us. Clearly, even if everything about reason upon which my case for understanding Kantian freedom is based is true, what seem to be antecedent assumptions about the mind and its faculties arguably remain unproven, and perhaps improvable.Since so much of what Kant argues makes up the mind is labeled intelligible the faculty of reason for one it seems we are still left, at the end of the day, with an even more disabling Kantian unknowability than that met with earlier. This unknowability covers that which is the foundation of the theory, and Kant could be accused of being more dogmatic than the dogmatists in asserting such a starting point.Yet, on another view, there are no antecedent assumptions in Kants theory about the mind, since it is precisely the make-up of the mind that the critical system is think to uncover. This is at least part of Kants point when he argues we must cons ider having objects conform to our faculties of cognition, rather than the other way around his famous second Copernican transition (xvi-xvii). On that view, nature is a reflection of the mind, and so an investigation of nature is for Kant simply an investigation of the mind.The Hume Mitigated Skepticism and Skeptical ConclusionsIntroductionHumes biographer, Ernest Mossner, offers this apt(p) insight on Humes religious suspenseHow can we recognize Humes personal convictions on religion? The answer is plainly that we cannotcertainly not without hefty effort on our part and even then not definitively. The conclusions of a scepticeven a mitigated scepticcannot be summarized in a one-deuce-three pattern or creed if for no other reason than that a sceptic, unlike other types of philosophers, is not altogether stable in his thinking, is perpetually rethinking his principles. Scepticism, first and last, is a frame of mind, neither a collection nor a system of doctrines. (Mossner, 1976 , p.5)This section will demonstrate just how restless and inquiring Humes skepticism was in his An motion Concerning Human Understanding.In the Enquirys first section, Hume compares those who attempt to indoctrinate their religious dogmas to thieves who are unable to win a fairly fight (that is, honestly persuade men to believe their delusive message) and who will then hide behind superstitious intangling brambles to cover and protect their weakness.Chaced from the open country, these robbers aerify into the forest, and lie in wait to break in upon every unguarded avenue of the mind, and overwhelm it with religious fears and prejudices. (i, 11)Hume concludes the Enquirys first section by expressing the hope (indeed his intent) that his philosophical skepticism can undermine the foundations of an abstruse philosophy, which seems to have hitherto served only as a shelter to superstition, and a cover to silliness and error. (i, 16) Although Hume is always careful to state that he i s fighting dogmatism and religious superstition, it is not difficult to see that in the early sections of the Enquiry this amounts to anyone who believes that they have knowledge of perfection.The easiest way to see the Enquirys atheistical pattern of reasoning is to see that Hume wages war on religious dogmatism on two fronts. The first front is in the early sections of the Enquiry where Hume will mount a familiar assault on abstruse metaphysics and dogmatic holiness with his account of true metaphysics (i, 12), which is an understanding and application of the ecumenic principles of human nature. The second front is in sections x and xi where Hume launches particular attacks on theistic bastions of revealing and natural theology.General Assault True MetaphysicsWe must first determine whether matinee idol is a possible object for human understanding. The first test for the idea of God is from what impression is that supposed idea derived? (ii, 22) The answer must be none, f or we can find no vivid and forceful impression jibe to that abstract and complex idea, God.Thus, if Gods institution is an object of human reason or enquiry (iv, 25) then Gods existence must either be a relation of ideas or a matter of fact. Clearly, Gods existence is not a Proposition determinable by the mere operation of thought, without dependence on what is anywhere existent in the universe (iv, 25). God is a beingindeed the Supreme organismso if God exists. His existence must be a matter of fact. All reasonings concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of type and Effect. (iv, 26)Knowledge of God (the certain cause) therefore must arise from causal knowledge. For Hume there are only two types of causes particular and general causes. So God, the original cause, must either be first particular cause or the highest general cause or principle. Particular causes are the constant concomitant of two species of objects found in phenomena. Gods uniqueness prec ludes the possibility that God can be a particular causeIt is only when two species of objects are found to be constantly conjoined, that we can infer the one from the other and were an effect presented, which was entirely singular, and could not be comprehended under any cognize species i.e.. Nature I do not see, that we could form any conjecture or inference at all concerning its cause i.e., God. If experience and observation and analogy be, indeed, the only guides which we can reasonably follow in inferences of this nature both the effect and cause must bear a similarity and resemblance to other personal effects and causes, which we know, and which we have found, I many instances, to be conjoined with each other. (xi, 148)In the Enquiry Hume also rejects as impossible a knowledge of God, the ultimate general cause or principleIt is confessed, that the utmost effort of human reason is to reduce the principles, productive of natural phenomena, to a great simplicity, and to resolv e the many particular effects into a few general causes, by means of reasonings from analogy, experience, and observation Elasticity, gravity, cohesion of parts, communication of motion by impulse these are probably the ultimate causes and principles which we shall ever discover in nature and we may esteem ourselves sufficiently happy, if by accurate enquiry and reasoning, we can trace up the particular phenomena to, or near to, these general principles. (iv, 30)Hume limits the human understanding to knowledge of commonalty life and experience (xii, 162). Clearly, however, God transcends human experience, so God cannot be an object of the understanding. Since the idea of God does not arise from the understanding, it must arise from some other faculty. Hume analyzes the idea of God (an infinitely powerful, wise and just entity) and shows that God is generated by the whim through reflecting on human capacities and faculties and expanding them infinitely (ii, 19 and vii, 72).Humes g eneral assault is directed against speculative metaphysics and dogmatic theology, which believes that God can be cognise by humans.And nothing can be more requisite than to enter upon the enterprize with thorough care and attention that, if it lie within the compass of human understanding, it may at last be happily achieved if not, it may, however, be rejected with some confidence and security. (i, 15)Particular Arguments for TheismFrom a religious viewpoint, Humes true metaphysics can be read as an assault on any dogmatic belief in God. In Enquiry sections x and xi Hume focuses his attack specifically on Theism (or one could be even more specific and say Christianity). In these two sections, Hume mounts an attack on the two pillars of Christianity revelation and natural theology. Hume argues that neither revelation (reports of miracles) nor natural theology (the Design argument) can yield a belief in God that a logical man would assent to. By reasonable man here, Hume means the m an who follows his natural unprejudiced reason, without the delusive glosses of superstition and false religion (x).As it can be seen from Humes argument in Enquiry x, he attempts to undermine the reasonableness of a belief in reported miracles1 using four lines of reasoning.First, miracles are violation of laws of nature. Any belief-system (secular or religious) must take as its foundation that there are inviolable laws of nature. Therefore, it is inconsistent to have a belief-system that is based on the testimony of miraculous events occurring. Miracles can thus never serve as the rational foundation for any belief system.Second, even if we knew miracles occurred, this would only establish a supematural entity who through particular volitions intervenes in nature and history. But miraculous events are useless in establishing what kind of supernatural power (or powers) it is that caused such events. This argument cannot establish whether the supernatural power is wise, foolish, or capricious. Or for that matter, this argument cannot establish that this supernatural power is God (the original cause and sustainer of the world).Third, admitting miracles based on testimony is self-defeating for theism. Other non-theistic and counter-theistic religions (the Gnostics, for example, who hold the antecedent is malevolent) also have miraculous testimonies that have as much claim to belief as reported Theistic miracles.Fourth, Theists who build their faith on miracles have it backwards miracles can never justify religious faith. Rather, it is religious faith that justifies a belief in miracles. Section x arrives at a atheistical conclusion we cannot know if a miraculous violation of law of nature occurred, and even if we could know they did occur such events could never be the foundation for a belief system such as Theism.In Section xi, Hume attacks the second pillar of theism, natural theology or reasons attempt to understand God unaided by revelation. Humes argument against the Design argument of natural theology occurs in two levels the first level is given by the friend who loves skeptical paradoxes (xi, 132) who draws out the consequences of accepting the Design argument. Let us grant (the friend argues) that there is a Divine designer who designed nature. manhood can infer the nature or essence of this Architect only by carefully studying the design or order in the Architects creation, Nature. Has the Divine Architect designed this world in a way that a moral agent (one who is benevolent and just) would have designed it? The numerous gratuitous evils we discover in our world that appear unnecessary and unavoidable block us from inferring that the designer of our world is a benevolent and just moral agent.The second level of argument against natural theology is given by Hume himself, in his own voice. Whereas the first level granted the Design argument and force out the anti-theistic consequences of the Design argument in the second level Hume argues that there are compelling reasons against granting the Design argument. Because we discover a design in our world does not allow us to infer the existence of a designing intelligence. To put this point in another way this argument states that because there is a causal order in our world, there must have been an original cause, God.But our knowledge of causation is only through experienced constant conjunction between two species of objects. We expect objects of type x to bring about changes in objects of type y because we have experienced this many times in the past. However, the original cause, God, is unique. Therefore we cannot make the required jump which is required by the Design argument that because there is causal order or design in our world there must be an original cause or designer (xi, 148).Faith in the EnquiryThe outcome of both Humes general account of true metaphysics as well as his particular arguments against miracles and natural theology are skeptical . On the basis of reason we have no yard to assent to God. Thus, if one assents to God, this assent is based not on reason but on faithDivinity or Theology, as it proves the existence of a Deity, is composed partly of reasonings concerning particular, partly concerning general facts. It has a foundation in reason, so far as it is supported by experience. But its best and most solid foundation is faith, and divine revelation. (xii, 165).To draw the implication here, since Hume has shown in section xi that God has no foundation in reason or experience, a belief in God is therefore founded totally on faith. Humes appeals to faith in the Enquiry should be taken seriously and not regarded as sarcastic asides. We must understand that for Hume faith is a domain entirely outside of natural reason (i.e., understanding)And whoever is moved by faith to assent to it (the Christian Religion) is conscious of a continued miracle in his own person, which subverts all the principles of his understan ding, and gives him a determination to believe what is most contrary to custom and experience. (x, 131)Humes argument is intended to show that a belief in God is, literally, unreasonable it is outside the domain of reason. Hume is not endorsing faith, but pointing out the status of belief in God. integrity who accepts Humes position on God in the Enquiry recognizes that a belief in God, since it is unsupported by reason, must float in mid-air as if by a sorcerers trick. Some theists will face up to this consequence of theistic belief. But for most theists, upon realizing that their belief in God in unsupported by reason, their faith will come crashing down.ConclusionThe Enquiry carefully lays out a program of Mitigated Skepticism all knowledge must be limited to experience and common life. In his general account of true metaphysics Hume shows that given the weakness and limits of human nature, knowledge of God is impossible.Then in his particular arguments of x and xi, Hume shows t hat neither reports of miracles (revelation) nor natural theology (reason) provide support for the theistic God. Humes aim in the Enquiry was skeptical or agnostic. A century before T.H. Huxley coined the term, in the Enquiry Hume wrote the first agnostic manifesto (Mossner).Comparison and ContrastHumes conception of reason and the role it plays are widely disputed, but enough can be agreed upon to at this stage make the points, in particular, that a feeling- or passion-based reason does not allow non-instrumental freedom. Korsgaard notes that Hume discusses several varieties of reason, but says that Hume seems to say simply that all reasoning that has a motivational influence must start from a passion, that being the only possible source of motivation, and must proceed to the means to satisfy that passion, that being the only operation of reason that transmits motivational force. (1996, p.314). Onora ONeill argues that for Kant, there can be no such thing as a merely instrumental r easoner Not only does he deny that reason is or ought to be the slave of the passions he actually insists that there are and can be no merely instrumental reasoners. (1989, p.52)Before looking at the differences, it is as well to point out what Kant and Hume have in common with respect to reason and cause. Both are trying to grapple with a similar stress between reason as the fount of what can be known with certainty as set against the metaphysical tangles into which it so often leads us (manifest, for example, in antinomies for Kant and discussions of the infinite divisibility of space and time for Hume).In the end, Kant resolves this tension with his account of the roles of the faculties, particularly in the construction of knowledge, with an a priori reason and a distinction between reason as acting regulatively with respect to cognition and constitutively in the moral realm. In this, he sees reason as an unconditionally active faculty. Hume, on the contrary, while acknowledgin g the tension, holds that ultimately it cannot be resolved, and that while we continue to debate issues such as whether or not reason has efficacy or dominance over the passions, we will to all intents and purposes remain in natures leading rein. And, for Hume, reason is passive, inert.For both thinkers, reason has a nature or tendency that drives our thinking with a certain inevitability. Kant, as we have seen, frequently refers to reasons nature, while Hume describes it in terms of instinct. In the end, though, their differences far outweigh what they share. For Hume, reason is subordinate to experience in a way that for Kant it is not, indeed cannot be. And this is where the contrast gains particular relevance with respect to freedom. Simon Blackburn describes it this wayReason can inform us of the facts of the case. And it can inform us which actions are likely to cause which upshots. But beyond that, it is silent. The imprudent person, or the person of unbridled lust, malevole nce, or sloth is bad, of course. We may even call them unreasonable, but in a sense that Hume considers improper. For, more accurately, it is not their reason that is at fault, but their passions. (1998, p.239)Hume considers several species of reason, for example demonstrative versus probable reasoning, and it is difficult to describe and assume one that can be considered the Humean or empiricist counterpart to Kantian reason. In addition to his view of reason in general, Hume is quite specific in feeling out the possibility that such reason can in any way ground morality, and so it clearly cannot ground the kind of freedom we find in Kant.Consider Kants famous confession, that it was Humes critique of motive that woke him from his dogmatic slumber. Now, it seems to me that the significance of this remark is completely lost if it is thought to evidence a reading of the Critique as a refutation of Hume, that the Analogies are attempting to restore the epistemic foundation for New tonian physics that Humes critique of causality had undermined, etc. As Kant explicitly states, what was for him significant about Humes critique of causality is that it was the thin end of a very large wedge, and a door into a vastly greater problem.Kant, in short, begins his investigation by agreeing with Humes conclusions regarding causality, but then goes further, formulating the problem in its most general form and then determining its corollaries with absolute rigor. Kant attests to the legitimacy of Humes critique of causality for him Hume has incontrovertibly demonstrated that an a priori concept cannot be derived from a series of particulars. Accepting Humes conclusion, Kant then raises the next question what, then, is the origin of such concepts?The skeptical conclusions Hume draws are, Kant contends, the result of his having considered not the whole of his problem, but a part, which by itself can give us no information. In sum, rather than presenting an alternative prog ram, we see that by his own admission Kant sought to elaborate on, to extend and probe in greater depth the same process of rational self-scrutiny that Hume had begun. His objective was not to refute but to develop Humes insight by grasping the entire problem of which Hume considered only a particular instance.What, then, is Humes problem considered in its most general form? Kants remarks indicate that, for him, the generalized version of Humes problem is the problem of the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments i.e., Kants generalization of Humes problem is the question of the possibility of a scientific metaphysics. Since Hume had shown that a priori concepts do not originate in experience, for Kant the resolution of the problem requires demonstrating the way in which all such concepts spring from the pure understandingWhile Hume had discovered a mere instance of the way in which in judgments of a certain kind we go beyond our concept of the object (Kant, p.792), we are requ ired to examine what is common to the entire range of such judgments. Hume did not grasp the general problem since he did not systematically survey all the kinds of a priori synthesis of understanding (795).It is such a systematic survey, and an attempt to identify what they all have in common in order to consider the general phenomenon of our employing concepts that exceed the empirical content provided a posteriori as a single problem. Kant tells us is nothing other than the working out of Humes problem in its greatest possible expansion. The following definitions are submitted accordinglya) Humes insight Judgments about causality employ a concept that claims universal validity. But a concept derived from a series of particular instances cannot be universally valid.b) Kants generalization of Humes insight We employ a range of concepts that claim universal validity. from each one concept moreover presupposes an idea of universality as such. No such concepts can originate from the particular instances perceived by the senses. Therefore, none of our ideas claiming universal validity, nor the idea of universality as such, can be derived from the particular instances perceived by the senses.Thus, for Kant, the general problem instantiated by Humes critique of causality is the followingc) Humes Point No conception of universality, qua conception of universality, can be derived from empirical input in general.Our synthetic a priori judgments thus employ concepts whose content cannot be derived from experience. But there is more to the problem than this for Kant, since his question concerns not only the concepts that such judgments employ, but the very possibility of our making such judgments. Kants conceptualization of his central question thus covers not only the concepts that are employed in the judgments, but also the judgment considered as an act, as a cognitive process and achievement.The question of the very possibility of synthetic a priori judgments thus encompasses not only the question of how it is possible that we could make a judgment that makes so much as a mere claim to universal validity (given Humes Point), but also the problem of our cognitive capability to execute the act that employs such concepts. The reader should expect, as Kant states in the Introduction, a critique of our power of pure reason itself (27).Kants transcendental deductions are employed in an attempt to derive the necessary conditions of possibility our cognitive constitution must independently fulfill in order to account for the mere capacity to employ universal concepts in judgments that we in fact possess. Since, by Humes Point, universal concepts by definition cannot be derived from empirical content, we must attempt to discern what is contributed to empirical experience and judgment by the pure principles of subjectivity, considered in utter isolation from empirical input as such.ReferencesBlackburn, Simon (1998). Ruling Passions A Theory of Practica l Reasoning. Oxford Clarendon Press.Guyer, Paul. (2000). Kant on Freedom, Law, and Happiness. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Hume, David. (1976). Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Edited by LA. Selby-Bigge, revised by P.H. Nidditch. Oxford Oxford University Press.Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Norman Kemp Smith. New York St. Martins Press, 1965.Korsgaard, Christine M. (1996). Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Mossner, Ernest Campbell. (1980). The Life of David Hume (2nd edition). Oxford Clarendon Press,.Neiman, Susan. (1994) The Unity of Reason, New York Oxford University Press.ONeill, Onora. (1989). Constructions of Reason Explorations of Kants Practical Philosophy. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.1 Reason, considered as the faculty of a certain logical form of knowledge, is the faculty of inferring, i.e., judging mediately (by subsumption of the condition of a possible judgment under the condition of a given judgme nt.) (386) Every syllogism is a mode of deducing knowledge from a principle. (357)2 If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any wise affected, is to be entitled sensibility, then the minds power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called the understanding. (75)

B1 Exam Paper

Edexcel GCSE Biology/Science Unit B1 Influences on Life Foundation Tier Tuesday 15 May 2012 Morning Time 1 hour You must have Calculator, ruler Paper Reference 5BI1F/01 Total Marks Instructions Use non-white ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the disasteres at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided on that point may be more space than you need. Information The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for to each one question are shown in brackets use this as a guide as to how much snip to spend on each question.Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication depart be assessed you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. Advice Read each question carefully in advance you start to state it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every ques tion. Check your answers if you have time at the end. rhythm everywhere P40238A 2012 Pearson commandment Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/ *P40238A0120* BLANK PAGE 2 *P40238A0220* Answer ALL questions. Some questions must be answered with a stick in a box .If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross . Classification 1 (a) Camels belong to the phylum Chordata. The drawing shows a dromedary camel that has the binomial name Camelus dromedaries. (i) slay the denounce by put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The second part of the binomial name, dromedaries, refers to the (1) A class B genus C order D species (ii) present one feature that all members of the phylum Chordata have in common. (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *P40238A0320* 3 Turn over (iii) Members of the phylum Chordata can be further classified by how they regulate their body temperature. Reptiles are poikilothermic and mammals are homeothermic. Explain how reptiles and mammals regulate their body temperature. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Scientists classify organisms into five different kingdoms.Draw one straight line from each description to its reconcile kingdom. (2) description kingdom Animalia uni boothular with nucleus present Plantae Fungi Protoctista multi kioskular and p juicyosynthetic Prokaryotes 4 *P40238A0420* (c) Viruses are not classified into any of the five kingdoms. Suggest reasons for this. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total for Question 1 = 8 marks) P40238A0520* 5 Turn over Reaction times 2 (a) The reaction times of some jockstraps were measured at the Beijing Olympics in the final of the 100 metres sprint. athlete reaction time / s overall race time / s Bolt Usain 0. 165 9. 69 Burns Marc 0. 145 10. 01 Dix Walter 0. 133 9. 91 Frater Michael 0. 147 9. 97 Martina Churandy 0. 169 9. 93 Patton Darvis 0. 142 10. 03 Powell Asafa 0. 134 9. 95 Thompson Richard 0. 133 9. 89 (i) Complete the sentence by putt a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The athlete with the laggard reaction time is (1) A Bolt Usain B Martina Churandy C Patton DarvisD Thompson Richard (ii) Name the athlete who finished the 100 metres sprint in the fastest time. (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 *P40238A0620* (iii) Calculate the difference amid the overall race time of the fastest athlete and slowest athlete. 2) answer = . . s (b) The athlete starts to run when a gun is fired. (i) State the athletes sense organ that detects this stimulus. (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii) Describe the nerve pathway a nerve impulse will take from where it is received to wher e it will cause a response to take place. (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total for Question 2 = 8 marks) *P40238A0720* Turn over Mistletoe bes 3 The photograph shows a mistletoe make up growing on a tree. The mistletoe plant uses nutrients from the tree. This can cause the tree to die. (a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The relationship between the mistletoe plant and the tree is an example of (1) A mutualism B parasitism C phototropism D symbiosis (ii) The mistletoe plant also gains energy from sunlight to produce glucose. State the name of this process. (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) The mistletoe plant produces fruit that contains seeds. The Mistle Thrush is a bird that spreads these mistletoe seeds to other trees. (i) Suggest how the Mistle Thrush spreads the mistletoe seeds to other trees. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 *P40238A0820* (ii) Sparrowhawks are birds that are predators of the Mistle Thrush. The diagram shows the energy values in the food chain for these organisms. mistletoe plant 1000 J Mistle Thrush Sparrowhawk 200 J 20 J Calculate the percentage of energy that was passed from the mistletoe plant to the Mistle Thrush. (2) answer = . . % (iii) Draw a pyramid of energy for this food chain. 2) (iv) Suggest two ways in that energy is lost from this food chain. (2) 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Total for Question 3 = 10 marks) *P40238A0920* 9 Turn over Homeostasis 4 If a person is to survive, the internal environment of their body must be conquerled. (a) The al-Quran of water in the blood can be controlled. This is called osmoregulation.The table shows the volume of urine produced by six different people on a hot day and on a cold day. person volume of urine produced / cm3 hot day cold day 1 430 890 2 350 1060 3 270 930 4 560 1280 5 400 680 6 390 1160 mean 1000 (i) Calculate the mean volume of urine produced on the hot day. (1) answer = . . cm3 (ii) State the difference between the mean v olume of urine produced on the hot day and the mean volume of urine produced on the cold day. (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 *P40238A01020* (iii) Explain why, on a hot day, less water is lost from the body as urine. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) The glucose mental ability of human blood also needs to be controlled. After a meal, spunky in carbohydrates, the glucose content of the blood will rise. i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The hormone that lowers the glucose content of the blood is (1) A auxin B glycogen C insulin D pancreas (ii) Explain how the glucose content of the blood can be decreased by this hormone. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *P40238A01120* 11 Turn over (iii) People with Type 1 diabetes cannot produce the hormone needed to ontrol the glucose content of the blood. Explain how a Type 1 diabetic can control the glucose content of the blood. (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total for Question 4 = 10 marks) 12 *P40238A01220* Sickle cell disease 5 (a) The diagram shows a chromosome. (i) Use words from the box to complete the sentences. (2) alleles DNA gene phenotype genetic constitutions Chromosomes have sections which code for specific characteristics. Each characteristic is coded for by a . . These exist in alternative forms called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.In a human body cell, chromosomes are found in the (1) A cell membrane B cytoplasm C DNA D nucleus *P40238A01320* 13 Turn over (b) Sickle cell disease is a catching disorder that affects human red blood cells. Individuals with sickle cell disease have the genotype dd. (i) Draw one straight line from the genot ype to the correct description. (1) genotype description homozygous recessive homozygous dominant dd heterozygous carrier (ii) Describe the symptoms of sickle cell disease. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 *P40238A01420* *(iii) A father with the genotype DD and a mother with the genotype dd for sickle cell disease had a number of children. Explain why none of their children will have sickle cell disease. Use a Punnett square or genetic diagram to help your explanation. 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Counseling Specializations and Multidisciplinary Terms Essay

This paper discusses the splendour of collaboration within the different specializations of the charge field. Two specializations, mental health counseling and addictions counseling are reviewed and are brought together to help a hypothetical 12 year old girl Ashley in her own education and problem-solving eon in therapy. Counseling Specializations and Multidisciplinary TeamsThe counseling profession and all of its specializations and the related fields that came before, all emerged due to the inabilities for some individuals cope with life stresses. These individuals were seen as non- hot.Newman (2012) explains the meaning of resilience as individuals who exhibit positive outcomes in the face of serious threats to development. They may have experienced prolonged, severe poverty they may have a advert with a serious mental illness or they may have been exposed to ongoing abuse or violence. Faced with these and or other difficulties, resilient individuals show low levels of psycho logical symptoms and function effectively in the basic developmental tasks expected for their stage of life. (pg. 78).Individuals who could not conform to normal societal expectations and were a lot locked up in the name of keeping society safe. It didnt matter if these individuals were alcoholics, drug addicts, manic depressives, traumatized Vets, schizophrenics, or someone who merely suffered a temporary situational ordeal they were locked up for the safety of others Smith & Robinson (1995) explain how Clifford W. Beerss published autobiography in 1908 raised public awareness by detailing his own pitiless treatment while in a mental health institution. In 1793 the definition of mental health care was extended to include liberty, equality, and fraternity by PhilippePinel who was the director of Bicetre, the largest mental hospital in Paris.Pinel believed that punishment was ineffective upholding the idea that patients need some degrees of normalcy in their lives. Brooks and Wei kel promoted the idea of nonmedical approaches to psychotherapy and distinguish that this was an important step to the characterization and progression of mental health care. The client-centered theory emphasized by Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls, also helped to pave the way for current wellness models utilize today. Addictions counseling seems to follow a similar model and is often categorized under the same umbrella as professional counseling, however, it is recognized that the addictions counselor needfully to have specialized knowledge about what clients experience that have addictions problems (Page, R.C., & Bailey 1995 pg. 170).White (2004) asserts the advantages of mental health and addictions counselors who work together As mental health professionals, we owe our clients who present with addictions no less in respect, support, or treatment than we would bestow upon any other client. The counseling relationship or therapeutic alliance is comprehend to be central to achieving a positive outcome in all mental health counseling (Gelso & Fretz, 1992), and it is especially important that a positive relationship or therapeutic alliance be formed early in addictions counseling before the much difficult or challenging times (e.g., detachment symptoms, relapse) occur (pg.3)As an example, consider a aggroup that successfully joins forces in cabaret to help a 12 year old girl named Ashley. Ashley asks her naturalize counselor to help her set up an appointment with a therapist named Ms. Henning. Ashley tells the school counselor that she is unable to concentrate on her schoolwork because she is depressed. She further explains that her bugger off just recently re-married, her step-dad has 2 kids, and she is not adjusting well to the situation. Ashley asks the school counselor to speak to her mother on her behalf because she is afraid to ask. The school counselor makes the call. Fortunately, the family has health insurance and mom is onboard because she has b een concerned about Ashley for awhile now and was considering this possibility as well.The first meeting with Ms. Henning and Ashley goes well. Ashley explains that she misses her mom. Her mom is busy all the time. Her step-dad is nice but she misses her rattlingdad and her new siblings are okay but she gets really jealous sometimes. Ashley is specific and articulate when explaining her depression but says that it gets worse sometimes the day afterwards she does drugs with her friends. Ms. Henning explains to Ashley everything that she knows about drugs and the adolescent brain but suggests that Ashley get more information from an AODA counselor. Ms. Henning also encourages Ashley to inform her mother of the drug use. Ashley agrees reluctantly but states that she would be more comfortable addressing this issue with mom while in session. Ms. Henning agrees to make the arrangements. This therapist realizes that this is one of her easier cases.The family has health care and seems sup portive rather than angry and defensive. Ms. Henning continually reminds and comfort Ashley in the fact that this is her therapy and her choice and any suggestions that are made will be discussed firstthere will be no surprises. One of Ms. Hennings goals is to provide a crisis plan with the school counselor for Ashley in case Ashley needs additional support during the school day. Ms. Henning also wants Ashley to see an AODA counselor at least once a week (Mr. Marks), and will keep Mr. Marks up to date on what is happening in therapy while she implements his evaluations and suggestions. She has communicated this to him in a credulous manner. Ms. Henning also hopes to initiate family support for Ashley by teaching and encouraging family members to openly discuss the family changes, possible effects, and brain-storm potential solutions.Ms. Henning would like to include real protactinium and new siblings, at some point, if feasible and appropriate to Ashley and her family. Ashleys abi lity to understand her sadness and develop coping skills will be greatly change magnitude with a team of family members, the therapist, the AODA counselor, the school counselor, or possibly a psychiatrist if it is suspected that medication might be needed. Ms. Henning is dedicated to keeping all team members informed beyond progress reports by scheduling group meetings with everyone involved once a month. She is dedicated to receiving and offering feedback at every turn end-to-end the duration of Ashleys therapy and reiterates this frequently to every member on this team emphasizing the value and importance of each team member. She knows that one field (or specialization) cannot effectively handle it all.The significance of promoting team work and joining forces in the counseling field is also included in some collegecounseling curriculums. McAllister, M., Morrissey, S., McAuliffe, D., Davidson, G., McConnell, H., & Reddy, P. (2011), present the importance of the cooperation of pr ofessionals within the field and how some students are required to reach outside of their own specialization (or discipline) to connect with those students who have chosen other disciplines in order to build an understanding and respect between specialties.These students are required to share their own POEMs (philosophy, ontology, epistemology and methods) with students in specialties other than their own. Studies and research on spirituality, the piece body (especially the brain), pharmaceuticals, addictions, or how society, science, technology, or government and new laws can affect individuals, will continue to shatter preconceived ideas and current acceptable norms of life and society. Those who admit this field must keep up. Specializations and collaboration in counseling seems to be invaluable and necessary.ReferencesMcAllister, M., Morrissey, S., McAuliffe, D., Davidson, G., McConnell, H., & Reddy, P. (2011).Teaching ideas for generating critical and constructive insights in to well-functioning multidisciplinary mental health teams. The Journal of psychical health Training, Education, and Practice, 6(3), 117-127. oihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1108/17556221111171711Merta, R. J. (2001). Addictions counseling. Counseling and Human Development, 33(5), 1. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/206851023?accountid=27965Newman, N. &. (2014). Development through life a psychosocial approach. Stamford Cengage.Page, R. C., & Bailey, J. B. (1995). Addictions Counseling Certification An EmergingCounseling Specialty. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 74(2), 167-171.Smith, H. B., & Robinson, G. P. (1995). Mental Health Counseling Past, Present, andFuture. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 74(2), 158-162.White, W. (2004). The historical essence of addiction counseling. Counselor, 5(3), 43-48.