Food and Beverage Services Essay Example for Free

Food and Beverage overhauls EssayThen the suffice is done a situated span on the table. Following atomic number 18 the lawsuit of service come under this category English Service Often referred to as the Host Service because the legions plays an active role in the service. Food is brought on platters by the waiter and is shown to either portions the food into the guest plates directly or portions the food and allows the waiter to serve. For permutation of guest food the waiter may then take the dishes around for guests to help themselves or be served by the waiter. French Services It is a very(prenominal) personalized service.Food is brought from the kitchen in dishes nd salvers, which are placed directly on the table. The plates are kept near the dish and the guests help themselves. Silver Service The table is set for hors doeuvres, soup, main courses and sweet dish in sterling silverware. The food is portioned into silver platters at the kitchen itself, which are plac ed at the sideboard with burners or hot plates to keep the food warm in the restaurant. Plates are placed before the guest. The waiter then picks the platter from the hot plate and presents the dish to the host for approval.He serves each guest using a service spoon and fork. All food is presented in silver dishes with laborate dressing. American/Plate Service The American service is a pre-plated service, which means that the food is served into the guests plate in the kitchen itself and brought to the guest. The kitchen predetermines the portion and the accompaniments served with the dish balance the entire presentation in terms of nutrition and color. This type of service is commonly used in a coffee shop where service is required to be fast.Russian Service An elaborate silver service much on the lines of French service except that the food is portioned and carved by the waiter at the gueridon trolley in he restaurant in full view of the guests. Display and presentation are a maj or part of this service. The principle involved is to have whole Joints, poultry, game and fish intricately dressed and garnished, presented to guests and carved and portioned by the waiter. Gueridon Service This is a service where a dish comes partially prepared from the kitchen to be completed in the restaurant by the waiter or, when a complete meal is cooked at the tableside in the restaurant.The cooking is done on a gueridon trolley, which is a mobile trolley with a foul up cylinder and burners. The waiter plays a rominent part, as he is required to fillet, carve, flamb and prepare the food with showmanship. The waiter has to have considerable dexterity and skill. Snack-bar Service Tall stools are placed along a counter so that the guest may eat the food at the counter itself. In better establishments, the covers are laid out on the counter its

Psychological Motives for Becoming a Terrorist Essay Example for Free

kind Motives for Becoming a Terrorist EssayIntroductionSuicide bombing, a major terror strategy of terrorists is, if not the most, unmatchable of the most down in the mouth acts anybody can commit. It is outright crazy and stupid. One must be beside the normal to be entertaining such a thought in mind. Ironically, fanatics who contain move and attempted self-destruction bombings in the past, were deemed normal until the day when the execution of their ultimate plans were made public whether foiled or completed. People who argon afflicted with rational disorder may, as other tribe, croak for the same reasons vacation, visiting friends or relatives, business, recreation, and abouttimes for religious or spiritual focus (Miller Zarcone, 1968). Others indeed may travel for reasons other than the normal for reasons triggered by malformed mental state such as the men who carried out the 911 attack of the Twin Towers in new York.along the 911 attack, suicide bombing throug h aircraft came to prominence resulting in the stirring of the awareness among the international public of the fact that the regular traveler might not be that regular any focusing. It is probable that some of them are driven by excessive anger or motivated by utopic hope as taught in the communities wherein they throw off pledged their keep allegiance (Silke, 2003). Just a few months ago, upon the return of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to her home country, 124 were killed and 320 plus got injured as a result of another suicide bombing. The bomber threw grenades among crowds of people and afterwards blasted himself to death (CNN update, Oct.18, 2007).Its difficult to think of sensible reasons why a sane person (if that person was ever considered sane by his colleagues) has committed such an act in the first place. To spend and expend ones self for a noble cause is commendable only if they benefit people outside ones own community. Its never an rarified to advanc e a religions cause at the expense of the lives of other people. A suicide bomber is demented in that even in the logic of religion, all religions presupposed a benevolent god who is deuce powerful and loving. There must be distortions somewhere within the suicide bombers mind to have associated the act of delivering a bomb and acts of piety.Rationale of the argumentUnderstanding mental healthThe majority of theories and models of hu homophile way fall into one of two basic categories internal office and away perspective. The internal perspective considers the factors inside the person to understand behavior. People who subscribe to this view understand behavior as psychodynamically oriented. Behavior is explained in terms of the thoughts, feelings, past experiences and needs of the undivided. The internal processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving and judging lead people to act in specific ways. This internal perspective implies that people are best understood from the inside and that peoples behavior is best interpreted after understanding their thoughts and feelings (Jourad, 1963).The other category of theories takes an external perspective. This focuses on factors outside the person to understand behavior. External events, consequences of behavior, environmental forces to which a person is subject, are emphasized by this external perspective. A persons history, value system, feelings and thoughts are not very historic in interpreting actions and behavior. Kurt Lewin for instance considered both perspectives in saying that behavior is a function of both the person and the environment (Tiffin, McCormick, 1958). worldly concern is a mixer being and as such his personality is viewed from the society and culture where he belongs. A society represents a geographical aggregate and has boundaries, similar government or a group of persons in meaningful interaction and engaged in social relationship.Personality is the individualizing traits of man which con stitute his singularity and differentiate him from any other human being. The three determinants of personality 1 biological heritage which has direct influence on the development of personality. This includes musculature, the aflutter system, and the glands 2 E.Q. factor describes qualities like understanding ones feelings, empathy for the feelings of others, and the regulation of emotion in a way that enhances living (Gibbs, 1995) 3 environmental factors. Taking everything normal, environment plays an important role in personality development.Environmental factors are cultural environment, social environment, home and family, culture, status and role and social agent. Many of mens pronounce stirred-up state of mind such as fear, anger, disgust, and contempt, have posed the question, why? What has caused such a reaction? What has brought a change to his/her behavior? What is the frustration that has brought well-nigh such behavior? In the world of a suicide bomber, he/she contemp lates on various input or stimuli from the world he/she evolves in. There are frustrations of every form and even without these, his/her psyche or mental state functions on the basis of anything he/she receives (actively or passively) from the milieu. Lifes problems are legion(predicate) and as long as one is alive and kicking he will always be faced with problems, be they big or small. such(prenominal) problems stir-up ones emotions or feelings which maybe pleasant or unpleasant.Physiological problems, environmental problems, personal deficiencies and psychological concerns bring on a variety of responses some predictable, others are not. Disorganization of family life, disintegration of personality brought about by depression, great personal suffering, any of these may take any person beyond the limits of his tolerance. Man is born in a social environment surrounded by cultural norms and values. He is faced with cultural taboos and acceptable social behavior. Numerous environment al factors come to the fore which may or may not be easily overcome. One of the most difficult problems in this area is ones cultural dos and donts. Environmental frustrations cannot be avoided, for there are always certain factors in a persons growth and achievement. Psychological or internal problems are the most difficult to resolve as they are within the inner feelings of a person.One may not be able to detect his/her concerns/anxieties through his /her overt behavior. It may only be inferred from what his/her inner thoughts and feelings are but will not know what caused such a feeling. Psychological concerns of various forms represent a more serious threat to the personality of the individual than do environmental pressures. If severe enough, they may create huge emotional tension with accompanying behavior disorders. Reacting to pressures and other concerns such as frustration varies from person to person because of their personality differences. These reactions maybe defensi ve, neurotic or psychotic. near people are sympathetic to people who develop natural ailments, but regard an individual with mental disorder as crazy. At this juncture, does a suicide bomber then be considered a person with a mental disorder or deemed as crazy? definitions of mental health vary considerably. Freud when asked what he thought a normal, healthy person should do well replied love and work. Karl Menningers (1956) definition is quite similar to Freuds. He statesLet us go under mental health as the ad scarcement of human beings to the world and each other with a maximum of effectiveness and happiness. Not just efficiency, or just contentment, or the grace of obeying the rules of the game cheerfully. It is all together. It is the ability to maintain an even temper and happy disposition. This, I think, is a healthy mind.When we therefore, try to define mental health, we have in mind the adjustment process which an individual brings into force when he is faced with a proble m situation. Adjustment is defined as an individuals manner of reacting or responding adequately to a perceived problem. From the standpoint of mental health, adjustment refers to a happy and socially acceptable response to lifes situations. Mental health therefore, is the ability of the individual to function effectively and happily as a person in ones anticipate role in a group and in the society in general. It is a particularise of the whole personality and is not merely a condition of the mind as is often supposed. It is an out-growth of ones total life and is promoted or hindered by day-to-day experience, not only by major crises as some assume (McCllelland et al, 1973).Mental health is the capacity to live harmoniously in a changing environment to face and solve ones problems in a realistic manner to accept the inevitable, and to understand and accept ones own shortcomings as well as the shortcomings of others. In this sense, people who develop and encourage Jihad or any ter roristic ideas and brainwash others to do the same, are seen people who do have unrealistic way of looking at life and their experiences. They are commonly classified as people having delusions of grandeur among others. This term refers to people who experience a bloated sense of importance or missions and oftentimes associated with corresponding persecution complexes (Jourad, 1963). They therefore harbor also a sense of anxiety that some people are out there to cut off their goals and barricade their missions.Their resolve to deliver their target aims is even stronger the reason for their methodical and systematic way of doing things. Since they cannot accept that they must co-exist with people whose beliefs radically differ from theirs, they accept the view that annihilation is a solution and dying a martyrs death to ensure this goal is the ultimate sacrifice. This kind of mindset comes only from a frame of thinking that has been exposed only to a few options in fact, only very narrow options. That option is the radical Islamic alternative and zippo else. When living in this world, co-existence is not just something that is talked about inside the halls of the academe co-existence signifies a mindset that is healthy as well and free from disorders.Mental health is a matter of degree. There is no hard and fast line that separates health from disease. It is not a simple matter to divide the population into two distinct groups-those who should be institutionalized and those who should not be. Many of us at one time or another exhibit traits and pattern of behavior which if, accentuated and continuous, would guide psychiatric care (Jourad, 1963).Though radical a thought this may seem, and naturally sounds unrealistic, the ideal place is to set monitoring and evaluation of mental hygiene at some point in time. How to do this is going to be a big issue, expectedly. However, terrorism and the likes of suicide bombing can probably be controlled in some ironic way by referring to them as idiosyncratic, delusional or even possessing mental disorders. Another way of classifying them is through the Diagnostic statistical Manual IV (DSM) classification system these people are versions of psychopaths or psychotics because the symptoms are there and they cannot function normally among any general population.Towards developing a Strategy or InterventionSince the argument of this paper stands on looking at the acts of a suicide bomber as acts emanating from someone with mental illness, it follows that approaches to its reduction or elimination be provided or examined as well. There are three ways of looking at developing and establishing a strategy or intervention the preventive, therapeutic, and the curative Kolb et al, 1974). There are subtleties that engulf these three but it is good to explore these dimensions. The preventive approach is based on the principles that the best way to ensure a well-adjusted individual is to surround him with e nvironmental influences that will enable him to develop his full potentialities, to obtain emotional stability, and achieve personal and social adequacy.The therapeutic aspect is concerned with the attempt to correct minor behavioral adjustments through the various counseling and techniques of psychotherapy, or adjust to the social/or physical environment of the person in order to befriend him obtain the amount of emotional security and self-confidence necessary. The curative approach is sometimes called preventive abnormal psychological science and is concerned with the detection and correction of serious but curative but behavioral maladjustments.Although this is the work of a trained clinician or psychiatrist, it is helpful for the layman to have at least a fundamental knowledge of the major types of behavioral maladjustments in order that he/she may have a basis in determining behavioral maladjustments that need the attention of competent specialists. It is therefore necessary , on a serious note, that public awareness on the nature of mental illness on a scope such as that of the course taken by the suicide bombers, coupled with detection of signs and symptoms by neighboring homes and those in the community, help diminish the threat. There are of course other paths or strategies to follow, but why not take all that is available to ensure our security (Kolb et al, 1974).References1. CNN, pause News, October 18, 2007. www.cnn.com2. Gibbs, Nancy. 1995. EQ Factor Time International, October.3. Gordon, Harvey, Mike Kingham, Tony Goodwin. Air travel by passengers with mental disorder. Psychiatric Bulletin (2004) 28295-297. The Royal College of Psychiatrists.4. Jourad, Sydney, 1963. Personal Adjustment. 2nd Ed. New York MacMillan Company.5. Kolb, David Ralph K. Schwitzgebel. 1974. Changing Human Behavior Principles of Planned Intervention. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company.6. McCllelland, David C. R.S. Steele. 1973. Human Motivation A Book of Readings. Morri stown, New Jersey, General Learning Press.7. Menninger, Karl in Taylor, David, 2003. The notion of mental health in children. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry. Steinkopff. Volume 12, Number 3. Pp.107-113.8. Miller, W. B. Zarcone, V. (1968) Psychiatric behaviour disorders at an international airport. Archives of Environmental Health, 17, 360 -365.9. Silke, A. (2003). The psychology of suicide terrorism. In Terrorists, Victims and Society (ed. A. Silke), pp. 93 -108. Chichester Wiley.10. Tiffin, Joseph and Ernest McCormick J. 1958. Industrial psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc.

Manchester United SWOT Analysis

Manchester coupled SWOT AnalysisIt has been argued that Manchester joined is one of the best football clubs in the realness, who has more than a hundred years history and lots of funs all over the world. According to Benson (2008), since Manchester United was founded in 1878, it has won many final of coalition champions in the phase modulation League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League.Same as other successful organization, the Manchester United has a good manage team, effective operation and a real strong financial support. Manchester United is non a Plc. Since it was bought by the Glazer family, it is now a private limited go with and became the Manchester United Ltd. This report is way out to analysis Manchester United Ltd by applying SWOT and PEST analysis.SWOT Analysis(S)trengthsManchester United has the strongest and or so valuable brand of any football club, and arguably non guinea pig sports club, in the world (Brand Finance, 2009, p. 19). This allows the company to g enerate massive revenues from commercial sponsorship deals and the sale of merchandise around the world. This brand strength is reflected in the clubs estimated 330 million fans worldwide, which represents around 5% of the worlds population. The level of loyalty engendered by most football clubs implies that this level of support is unlikely to fade in the short term, with only a prolonged extremity of underperformance on the field causing Manchester Uniteds brand strength to decline.The companys other principal(prenominal) strengths atomic number 18 its strong police squad playing squad and large stadium. The playing squad has won the Premier League trophy three years in a row, won the 2008 Champions League, and as of the 16th March 2010 is at the top of the Premier League and in the Champions League quarter finals in spite of losing arguably its best player in Cristiano Ronaldo. This shows the strength of the squad and its ability to move forward and continue to bring success and attract revenue (Samuel, 2010). The clubs stadium, Old Trafford, is the largest club stadium in the country, with a capacity of almost 76,000, allowing the club to generate real match day revenues from ticket sales and refreshments (Premier League, 2009, p. 27).(W)eaknessesThe clubs principal(prenominal) weakness is its high level of debt. The club has two main sources of debt 507 million of bonds at interest range of around 9%, incurring interest costs of around 45 million per year, and 202 of payment in kind loans, with interest rates of 14.25%, which compound onto the nifty value of the loans each year (Ducker and Power, 2010). The 45 million interest payments on the bonds represent almost 50% of the clubs 91 million cash profit (BBC Sport, 2010), large-minded an interest cover ratio of just over 2, which indicates the clubs debts are taking up a signifi hobot amount of its profits. Indeed, much of the clubs strengths are arguably creation countered by this weakness.In addition to this, Manchester Uniteds status as a football club creates a large potential for its revenue to fluctuate sharply base on its on-pitch performances. For example, in the 2008-09 season Manchester United earned 37.8 million Euros from its participation in the Champions League, when it reached the final (euFootball.biz, 2009). If the club fails to match this achievement in future seasons, its revenues entrust fall. Due to the difficulties in progressing this far in much(prenominal) a major competition, it becomes difficult for the company to project revenues in the future, potentially causing liquidity problems.(O)pportunitiesThe main future opportunity for the club is its ability to obtain greater revenue from its global fan base. The club currently has 330 million fans, and revenue of 327 million Euros per annum, most of which is probably generated within the UK and atomic number 63, from match day and publicize revenues (Deloitte, 2010). If the company can obtain ju st one extra Euro per fan per year, then it could double its revenues and massively increase its profits.The high level of unexploited fans also allows the club to develop its commercial revenue streams, such as sponsorships and fusions. A recent example of this was the partnership deal signed with Telekom Malysia (Hashim, 2010). If this deal could be replicated in other attractive markets, Manchester United could see another major growth in revenue.(T)hreatsThere are two main threats to Manchester United. The first is that the interest rates on the payment in kind loans are high and can rise further in the future. This could cause the company to incur significantly higher debt levels in future. Indeed, if the company fails to pay off any of these loans, then by their maturity date they ordain be valued at over half a billion pounds, effectively doubling the companys total level of debt (Ducker and Power, 2010). This threat is also strongly conjugated to fan protests against the current owners and the level of debt (BBC, 2010). Whilst these protests have not yet had a notable impact on the clubs financial situation, if the level of debt becomes a greater nucleus they may lead to fan boycotts, causing reducing revenues and increase the threat from debt.The other main threat is the pending retirement of manager Sir Alex Ferguson, who is now 68 (Ferguson, 2000, p. 12). Ferguson has managed United for almost 25 years, and has led them to over 30 trophies in this time (ManUtd.com, 2010). Given the importance of continued on-field success to Manchester Uniteds financial situation, it is clear that the company must put a strong succession plan in place to ensure performances and financial results do not suffer when Ferguson decides to retire.PEST(P)oliticalThe main political factors affecting Manchester United are the English Football Association and the European and global equivalents UEFA and FIFA. These bodies are responsible for determining how all football c lubs can operate, in terms of transferring and signing players and carrying out their on-pitch activities. For Manchester United, of particular concern are proposals concerning the level of debt that clubs are allowed to carry, and the need to balance their books and break even on their football activities (UEFA, 2010). This is of concern because Manchester Uniteds high level of debt could well cause the club to encounter short term financial difficulties in the near future, which could lead to sanctions from UEFA, further increasing the scale and duration of any financial difficulties.(E)conomicAs with any business, Manchester Uniteds revenues are likely to be affected by the prevailing economic conditions. In particular, as watching football matches and following football teams is expensive and not necessary for peoples continued economic wellbeing, one might expect that football clubs such as Manchester United would suffer in periods of economic decline. However, in spite of the major economic recession that recently affected the UK, Manchester United has continued to grow its revenues, which reached saucer levels last year (BBC Sport, 2010). Indeed, had the pound sterling not fallen significantly against the Euro, Manchester United would have had the highest revenue of any football club in Europe in the year to 30th June 2009 (Deloitte, 2010). This of course reveals another important economic factor for Manchester United to consider given the pounds current weakness against the Euro, buying players depart be more difficult as clubs in the Eurozone will have more purchasing power on the global transfer markets.(S)ocialThe main tender factor affecting Manchester United is the continued desire for people to watch football, both as a form of entertainment and as a companionable activity. Whilst previous periods such as the 1980s were affected by football hooliganism, in recent years football has experienced a boom in social interest, leading to large numbe rs of people becoming fans. This is of benefit to Manchester United who, with the largest fan base and most valuable brand in the world (Brand Finance, 2009), can expect to obtain the lions share of new fans.(T)echnologicalThe main technological factor affecting Manchester United is the rise in the internet and other broadcasting channels. This allows the company to reach a wider range of fans across a wider range of channels, and hence obtain more money from the various global fans who do not live within range of traditional distribution networks or cannot access match broadcasts on their local television networks.ConclusionTo conclude, even though Manchester United Ltd has financial problem with its high level debt, but the strengths of this operation team may help to overcome and to turn it become a new opportunity. It is because, factors such as the long history, capability for wining champion, the loyalty of the football team funs or its famous players all can bring some lovely profit in. However, Manchester United Ltd still needs to treat its problem seriously and face their weakness and threats in a right way, or they would lose the honour which was built in the past.

UK Anti-Terrorism Laws Analysis of Key Concepts

UK Anti- terrorist act Laws Analysis of Key ConceptsThe UK Home Office holds plenty of antithetical legislative functions that are utilise to help hold back some(prenominal) terror attacks from happening. Their main strategy usanced to foreclose terrorism is c in alled Operation contest, it involves four lucubrate criteria to ensure that either attacks are successfully prevented. Firstly, it aims to Pursue or follow terrorist activity in high society to be able to stop terrorist attacks. Secondly, it wants to Prevent peck from becoming terrorists, or actively supporting terrorist movements. Thirdly, Home Office aims to Protect the frequent and strengthen the safeguarding levels used to protect the nation from such attacks as the ones in France. Finally, the last element of the criteria is to Prepare. This stage is a last resort for when an attack can non be stopped, and its intention is to mitigate the impact of the attack as more as is possible in order to fulfil the new(prenominal) criteria to an aftermathive standard.The taproom of terrorism is more than relevant now than ever before, considering recent attacks, such as the ones in Nice this year. The Anti-terrorism, Crime + Security Act 2001 (ATCSA) implemented the Indefinite detention of planetary terror suspects, in an attempt to gain further delay over the issue. S.21 of this Act declares that the Secretary of state may issue a certificate in respect of a person, if they reasonably believe that a persons nominal head in UK is a run a risk to study security, and they suspect that the person is a terrorist. This is a useful prevention regularity, because detaining possible suspects means that they cannot partake in any dangerous terror related acts.However, there are some issues concerning the detainment of single(a)s, especially when it is not certain that the individual has been identified as a terrorist. In order to pass the statute law, the government had to derogate from Artic le 5 of ECHR, which deals with the right to liberty for individuals. (AV Secretary of soil Home division 2004)1 It is argued that even a suspect inter topic terrorist must still be clearn certain rights, for example they can use S.21 to appeal to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission against the allegations made against them. The detainment of falsely accuse suspects in particular could cause conflict deep down todays modern society Lord Hoffman claimed that the real threat to the life of the nation, in the sense of a great deal living in agreement with its traditional laws and political values, comes not from terrorism, but from laws such as these. To emphasise this point, Lord Scott said that indefinite imprisonment that is found on grounds that are not disclosed and made by a person whose identity cannot be disclosed, is the stuff of nightmares. This raises doubt to the sincerity of governmental intentions regarding terrorism suspects, and the success rate of finding and stopping active terrorists from causing irreparable damage.Following the ruling of the House of Lords, the government replaced the provisions of ATCSA 2001 with the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (PTA) This introduced various changes and new methods, such as command orders for all terror suspects these can be implemented whether the suspect is British or foreign, which has introduced a higher(prenominal) level of equality towards the treatment of suspects.This Act stipulates that control order means an order against an individual that imposes obligations on him. For purposes connected with protecting members of the public from the risk of terrorism. The obligations that may be imposed by a control order made against an individual, are any obligations that are necessary for purposes connected with preventing or confining involvement by that individual in terrorism-related activity.The PTA allowed the statute to impose non-derogating control orders on individuals, which includ ed electronic tagging, curfews, visitation restrictions, internet bans, and places placed upon phone communication. (Secretary of State for home plane section V JJ 2007)2A control order is not the same thing as being placed under house arrest. The restore purpose is to put a stop to any potential terrorist activity, and they are tailored to each individual case in order to be a successful prevention method. They can be imposed for a period of up to 12 months at a time, but then an application for alteration must be made. This is a highly hard-hitting strategy to prevent terrorists from being able to plan or stipulate any attacks. Because it cuts off, or at least monitors all communication amidst the detainee and the outside world, it means that the individual has no counseling of execution any sort of attack, via his own actions or through somebody elses. It is a good and effective method hat is reasonably accessible too, which theoretically should be a highly effective prev ention strategy, once a suspect has been identified.Despite the effectiveness of the method, Lord Bellingham dealned the conditions of a control order to that of prison, simply without the benefit of association with others. He questions the humanity of the control order, and whether it is ethically acceptable to place an individual under these conditions, especially when it has not been proven that they realize committed a crime. However, in contrast to this, Lord embrown noted that provided the core element of confinement does not exceed 16 hours a day, it is insufficiently stringent as a matter of law to effect a deprivation of liberty. This means that by law it is acceptable to allow the use of such a method, where the affected individual is a threat to the benefit of the nation. Beyond 16 hours, however, liberty is lost, and the problems with the control order are entirely valid.Article 6 (1) of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), addressed the issue of a defend ants rights in regards to a fair trial. In the determination of his civil rights and obligations, or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hear within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgement is openly accessible in the enliven of the public eye, but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial itself in the interest of morals, public order, or national security in a democratic society.Everyone supercharged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law. In addition, everyone charged with a criminal offence has the right to be informed promptly, in a language which they understand and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against them. They put up the right to defend themselves in person, or through legal serveance of their own choosing, and also to examine or have examined witnesses against them and to obtain the attendance and interrogatory of witnesses on their behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against them.The House of Lords held that Article 6 (1) of the ECHR did apply to the control order proceedings, meaning that the suspect would be entitled to a fair and public hearing, along with the other criteria mentioned. (Secretary of State for home Department V MB, AF 2007)3 Lord Billingham said that in regards to any case in which a person was at risk of a control order containing obligations, there could be a fair trial in spite of the fact that a controlled person was neither provided with the detail nor the sources of the evidence, forming the basis of the allegations.Terrorist suspects also have a right to respect for private and family life, and there shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right. Except when it is in accordance with the law, and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety or t he economic well-being of the country, or for the prevention of disorder or crime. Similarly, no one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. (G V Secretary of State for home Department 2004)4 These conditions illustrate the States compliance with acceptance of a suspects individual rights. This brings us to the conclusion that the main importance to the Government is to use the law to aid them in preventing any terrorist acts that could be a threat to the safety of the country.There are various provisions in regards to the reform and abolition of control orders under the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 20011 (TPIM). These include the introduction of a heterotaxy system of terrorism prevention and investigative measures. There have also been increased safeguarding levels for the civil liberties of individuals that are subject to the measure. For example, there is now a higher test that must be satisfied before the measur es can be imposed upon suspects compared to what already exists for control orders, which have a maximum time limit of 2 years for TPIM notices.Further measures can only be imposed if the person has re-engaged in the terrorism. But restrictions that impact on an individuals ability to follow conventionality patterns of daily life will be kept to a minimum in order to protect the public. They will have to be proportionate and distinctly justified in order to keep the public at peace with the State and how effectively they are managing circulating(prenominal) affairs in relation to the vindication of the public regarding threats of terrorism.The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 is another(prenominal) useful aid in providing legislative measures to prevent terrorist attacks from becoming a reality within the UK. For example, it allows the seizure of passports from persons suspected of involvement in terrorism for up to 30 days. This means that it stops possible suspects from being able to leave the country to avoid capture, but more importantly they cannot get on any flights and commit terror attacks. This Act also allows the imposition of temporary exclusion orders from the UK, used to stop potential threats from executing any plans within the UK that could cause any serious damage or harm to the country.The Police are provided with various legislative measures to assist them in the counter of terrorist acts, such as stop and search powers, which are given to them under s.43 of the Terrorism Act 2000. (TACT) A constable may stop and search a person whom is reasonably suspected to be a terrorist, or to discover whether he has in his possession anything which may constitute valid evidence of terrorism.However, this method has been used less and less in recent years. The Metropolitan Police stopped and searched 411 people in the year of 2014/2015, compared to 2010/11, where 1,154 people were searched, and an even larger marrow of 1,896 in 2009/10. Lord Carlile of Berriew complained about the effectiveness of it, as it catches no or almost no terrorism material, it has never caught a terrorist, and then it should be used conservatively. The exercise of this stop and search power was a clear interference of Article 8(1) of the ECHR, which is the right to privacy. As shown in (Gillan + Quinton V UK 2009)5, it is not in accordance with the law, and therefore not the best method to use when trying to prevent terrorist attacks.Port and border controls are another prevention method used in an effort to keep the country safe from attacks. The State reserves wide powers to stop, search and detain individuals at ports and airports. (Beghal V Director of Public Prosecutions 2015)6However, recent changes have reduced the maximum period someone can be questioned before being detained from a 9-hour period to just 6 hours. With access to legal advice for all individuals who are questioned for more than one hour. 32,000 individuals were stopped at ports in the UK in 2014/15. Despite the use of this method being generally avoided, there are other more successful strategies that are used within the UK to prevent terrorism. These defensive strategies have been put in place with the sole purpose of protecting the public of the UK, and gives law enforcement the power to do all they can to prevent such attack as the ones in Nice.Terrorism is defined in the UK by the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) within three main subsections. S.1(a) defines it as the use of threat or action that involves serious violence against a person, serious damage to a property, or endangers a persons life, other than the person committing the action. Terrorism also occurs if the action creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public, or if it is designed to seriously interfere with or disrupt an electric system. S.1(b) of TACT stipulates that terrorism also involves the use of threats that are designed to influence the government or an international government organisation, or to intimidate the public. Finally, S.1(c) explains that terrorism occurs where the use of the threat is made for the purpose of advancing a political, religious, racial, or ideological cause. Additionally, the use or threat of action which involves the use of firearms or explosives acts as a count of terrorism, whether it falls within section b. or not. (Regina V F 2007)7The general definition of terrorism references criteria such as the intention and motivation of a suspected terrorist, whereas a more specific approach identifies terrorist activities like hijacking and taking hostages. The case of (R V Gul 2013)8 UKSC 64, made the Supreme judiciary reconsider the definition of terrorism, as it is arguably far too wide to be an effective prevention method. One person could be seen as a terrorist to a certain number of the universe, but to another section such as a conflicting religion or country, they could be seen as a fr eedom fighter. Because of this, it has been difficult to agree on a definition of terrorism that is fitting for everyone at an international level. The issue in this case concerned the legal definition in TACT and whether or not it includes military attacks by non-state build up groups working against the armed forces during conflict.The Supreme Courts press summary explained how it unanimously dismissed Mr Guls appeal because of a judgment given by Lord Neuberger and Lord Judge, which was concord by other members within the courts. Mr Gul argued that both domestic law and international law required that the legal definition of terrorism should be narrow and stringently interpreted. This was to exclude its application from situations where it is not necessary, namely those involving actions by non-state armed troops attacking foreign armed forces in their territory.The definition had clearly been drafted in by design wide terms so it could take into account the various and unpr edictable ways that terrorism might take effect. In these circumstances, the only reason for the Court to interpret the definition more restrictively would be if it conflicted with the ECHR, or generally with the UKs obligations in international law. In parting, the Court noted that although the issue was one for sevens to decide, the received definition of terrorism is concerningly wide, and indispensabilitys to be condensed significantly in order to be more productive in its effort to prevent terrorism.However, in contrast to this view, Lord Carlile shares his own views on terrorism in The Definition of Terrorism. (7th June 2007) His main conclusions find that there is not one single definition of terrorism that commands full international approval. The risks posed by terrorism and its nature as a crime are sufficient to necessitate proportional and special laws to assist prevention, disruption and detection. This indicates that the definition of terrorism would be a very usefu l part of such laws, and the more detail that can be provided, the better. It would provide an easier way to not only define but recognise acts of terrorism and put more effective precautionary measures and laws in place to stop such events occurring.The current definition of terrorism is consistent with international comparators and treaties, meaning it is useful because of how coarsely fit for its purpose it is. There are many different ways an individual can commit acts of terrorism, so it makes sense that an efficient definition would be fairly broad or panoptic, to cover all possible aspects. For example, the offences against property should touch on to fall within the definition of terrorist acts, as well as with religious causes. However, the only religiously inspired terrorist attack in the whole of Europe in 2013 was the murder of Lee Rigby in Woolwich. This shows that despite its necessity, this part of the definition is not needed very often. But that does not mean tha t it is an insufficient part of the definition, therefore it should not be discarded or overlooked. The definition being so broad does not bring us to the conclusion that it is unfit for its purpose, if anything it makes it more effective as it can help to prepare for or determine all or more possible terrorist activities.Alternatively, it could be argued that there is no such need for certain elements of the definition, and that to be more effective it should in fact be more brief. S.1(b) includes actions which are not severe enough to constitute actual acts of terrorism. Therefore, real laws should be amended so that these actions cease to fall within the definition if they were only intended to influence the specific stooge audience. For terrorism to arise, influencing actions or reactions is not enough. The root of the word terrorism is taken from a Latin term that means to frighten, therefore, there should be a definite intention to intimidate the target audience, or make th em act in a certain way. Even though some sections may be too broad to be effective, extra-territoriality should stop within the definition in accordance with international obligations. This would allow justified prosecutions of terrorist activities in other countries, such as Iraq and Syria.The Terrorism Act is a big piece of legislation that criminalises various acts related to terrorism as it defines it. The legal definition of terrorism it provides is so broad it has been argued that it threatens to criminalise most of the general population as well. The UK Governments current independent reviewer of terrorism legislation is called David Anderson QC, who succeeded Lord Carlile of Berriew C.B.E. Q.C. in February 2011. Anderson has expressed some concerns regarding the issues arising with the definition of terrorism. In one of his reports, he argued that the current definition needs to be much more narrow, otherwise simple general affairs such as political speeches or investigat ive journalism could be incorrectly identified as terrorism. This is not the aim of the definition, it illustrates a good example of why it is too broad, as not only is it broad enough to include all counts of terrorism, it is also so broad that it is incorrectly criminalising many other individuals which is an unjustified result of a poorly crafted definition.In another one of David Andersons reports, he discussed ways in which to solve the problems, the necessary actions to narrow it down and become a more applicable definition would be to pull in ones horns s.1(c), which stipulates that shooters and bombers are deemed to be terrorists even if they are not trying to influence or intimidate anyone other than their immediate victim. This rule is only applicable within the UK, and it does not apply to poisoners, arsonists or people who use cars or machetes as weapons. Therefore, it is arguable that repealing it would not have much of an impact on the current UK legislation regarding terrorism anyway. This deems it a potential solution to discard the particular subsection of the definition in order to condense it and put more focus on factors with higher levels of importance. Ultimately, this would make the definition more fit for its purpose, and there would be less speculation regarding its levels of effectiveness.The UK has some of the most extensive anti-terrorism laws in the western world. They give Ministers, prosecutors and the police the powers they need to put a stop to violence caused by terrorists. Hate crimes are another example used to illustrate how unnecessarily extensive the definition of terrorism actually is. A hate crime may include something like an indirect act of racism, but it will not evermore suffice as an act of terrorism. For example, a child making a threat on a fascist website to shoot their teacher would be lawfully classed as a terrorist. This act is criminally wrong, but if the child only intended to harm that one individual te acher, who would be the only person that would be immediately affected by their act, then it is wrong to characterise them as a terrorist as well. Therefore meaning that the current definition has flaws that need to be amended in order to stop the incorrect determination of terrorists or terrorist activity.When comparing the definitions of terrorism from different countries, it is clear that there are some similarities between the basic structure of the definition. In 1986, France adopted its first anti-terrorism law. As of 2016, the French legal definition stipulates that an act of terrorism occurs if it is connected to individual or incarnate enterprises, and intended to gravely disturb the public order through the use of intimidation and fear. It defines terrorist acts as deliberate assaults at life and personal integrity. Similarly, the U.S. Code of federal official Regulations defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. This definition is arguably a lot more fit for purpose than the extensive mutation that the UK abide by. In comparison, it could be argued that the narrow definitions are more effective as they allow clear focus on pinpointing the acts of terrorism to the best of the states ability, change efficient prevention of terrorism and harm. These definitions are not dissimilar, so with a small amount of change, the current UK definition could be equally as concise and effective as the others are.The word terrorism itself has a large political stigma attached to it. This could be the reason behind international communities having so much difficulty in finding a universally accepted definition of the term. Most governments do agree that certain key elements of crime are what we use to define an act as terrorism. These elements include a politically motivated act of vio lence that is used to target non-combatant targets, and is designed to spread fear across a nation or the world. The reason it is so difficult to define is that there are so many different types or ways in which it can occur. However, despite the fact that the current UK definition provided by TACT is extremely broad, it is still fit for its purpose. It is sufficient in catching terrorists and doing its best to prevent terrorism in order to protect the public. The problem is that it is so broad, it can unjustly criminalise individuals as well. To prevent this, some sections of the definition should be condensed in order to reach a better balance.BibliographyThe Definition of Terrorism. (7th June 2007)http//www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.htmlhttps//www.gov.uk/government/collections/terrorism-prevention-and-investigation-measures-acthttp//claiminghumanrights.org/equality_before_law_definition.htmlhttp//login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/api/tocectory?sttype=stdtemplatestnew=truehttps//portal.ucla n.ac.uk/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_61833_1content_id=_1566774_1mode=reset1 AV Secretary of State Home Department 2004 UKHL 27 2004 2 A.C. 3682 Secretary of State for home Department V JJ 2007 7 UKHL 46 2007 3 WLR 681, 2008 1 AC 4403 Secretary of State for home Department V MB, AF 2007 UKHL, 2007 3 WLR 681, 2008 1 AC 44045 Gillan + Quinton V UK 2009 50 EHRR 456 Beghal v DPP 2015 UKSC 49 2015 3 W.L.R. 344 2015 2 Cr. App. R. 34 2015 H.R.L.R. 157 Regina v F 2007 3 WLR 164, 2007 2 All ER 193, 2007 QB 960, 20078 Regina V Gul 2013 UKSC 64

Speech Disorders: Causes, Effects and Treatments

wrangle Disorders Causes, Effects and interpositions1. INTRODUCTIONAt the bear witness when a man is non able to deliver lecturing sounds accurately or easily, or has electric outlets with his or her go, then he or she has a Speech disorder. Troubles purporting sounds, or verbalization issue, and stammering are cases of mother tongue disorder. At the point when a man experiences difficulty understanding others (open dialect), or sharing musings, thoughts, and emotions totally ( usherive dialect), then he or she has a dialect issue. A stroke give notice bring about aphasia, or a dialect issue. Speech disorder can influence the way a man makes sounds. These sounds, obviously, help us to constitute words and are important for correspondence with other privates. Speech disorder can influence both grown-ups and youngsters. Certain voice issue might in any case be considered discourse issue (Ahmad, Hameed, Jehangir, Khttak. , 2013).Both kids and grown-ups can stand speech and dialect issue. They can happen as a consequence of a recuperative issue or have no known bring about (Deriziotis Fisher, 2013).Grown-up speech impedance incorporates any side effect that causes a grown-up to experience issues with birdsong correspondence. Such issues whitethorn incorporate slurred, moderated, raspy, faltered, or quick discourse (Dodd, 2013). Different side effects may incorporate solid facial muscles, dribbling, poor openness of words, and sudden constriction of vocal muscles.On the off chance that you encounter a sudden onset of speech disability, look for restorative care immediately. This may demonstrate a genuine hidden condition (Dodd, 2013).2. DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH roughnessSpeech disorder is basically influencing the capacity to deliver normal speech. Speech disorder may influence explanation (phonetic or phonological issue) familiarity (faltering or jumbling) and/or voice (tone, pitch, volume, or rate). Speech disorder may have their root in oral-engin e challenges, albeit some include dialect preparing issues. Conclusion is made finished discourse/dialect evaluation that is performed by an authorized speech/dialect pathologist. Treatment is by wording instruction (Lozano, Vino, Lozano,Fisher Deriziotis, 2105).Speech disorder alludes to a few conditions in which a man has issues making or shaping the discourse sounds anticipate to speak with others.Three basic discourse issues areExplanation issueDis-fluencyVoice issueAs per the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), a dialect issue is impedance in perception utilization of the talked, composed, or other image framework.Speech Disorder influences the dialect and mechanics, the substance of discourse, or the capacity of dialect in correspondence. Since speech disorder influence a mans capacity to convey viably, every part of the individuals life can be influenced, for instance, the individuals capacity to make companions, and to impart at school or at work (Macrae ,Tyler Lewis, 2014).2.1 AMYOTROPHIC SIDELONG SCLEROSIS (ALS)Amyotrophic sidelong sclerosis (ALS), otherwise called Lou Gehrigs illness, is a neurological infection that assaults the nerve cells in the cerebrum that potency intentional muscles. ALS reasons engine neurons to pass on so that the mind and spinal rope are not able to send messages to the muscles instructing them to move. Since the muscles are not working, they start to decay. Muscles in the face and jaw can be influenced, and subsequently influencing a mans speech (Ahmad, Hameed, Jehangir, Khttak. , 2013).2.2 APHASIAAphasia results from harm to the dialect focuses of the mind, which influences a mans capacity to convey through talking, tuning in, and composing.The seriousness of aphasia fluctuates from individual to individual, yet in the most serious cases, a man will be unable to comprehend speech by any means. Persons with gentle aphasia might just get to be befuddled when speech gets to be protracted and confounde d (Dodd, 2013).2.3 FORMATIVE APRAXIA OF SPEECHFormative apraxia is a disorder that influences the sensory system and influences a mans capacity to succession and say sounds, syllables, and words. The mind does not send the right messages to the mouth and jaw so that the individual can say what he or she needs to say.Kids who are experiencing this disorder dont jibber jabber as a baby and first words are deferred. to a greater extent seasoned youngsters may have more trouble with longer expressions, and may give off an impression of being hunting down words to express an idea (Deriziotis Fisher, 2013).2.4 STAMMERINGStammering is a disorder of speech familiarity that every now and again intrudes on the stream of speech. Since kids regularly falter and confound their words as speech creates, faltering is not quickly apparent. It is normally when kids get to be more established and keep on lurching that stammering gets to be clear (Lozano, Vino, Lozano,Fisher Deriziotis, 2105).3. PREV ALANCE OF SPEECH DISORDER interrogation concerning the pervasiveness, onset, and regular history of faltering is restricted and hard to translate. Faltering is accounted for to start in the third and fourth year for more or less 4% to 5% of kids. More or less 80% of youngsters who start stammering recuperate without treatment, with 50% of these recuperating inside of 1 year of onset. Mansson (2000) led an entire crowd overview of for each one of the 1,042 kids conceived in a 2-year period (19901991) on the island of Bornholm in Denmark. The youngsters were screened at 3 years old, when 4.99% were dead set to falter. The known aggregate occurrence (evaluated in ensuing subsequent studies more than a 9-year period) was 5.19%, and a malefemale proportion of 2.81 was accounted for. In an Australian phone review, Craig, Hancock, Tran, Craig, and Peters (2002) decided the pervasiveness of faltering in the populace to be 0.72%. Higher predominance rates were accounted for more youthful kids (1.4%1.44%) the most reduced rate was accounted for young people (0.53%). The occurrence or danger of stammering (acquired by joining predominance information with reports of recouped faltering) was assessed to be 2.8% in youngsters matured 25 years, 3.4% in kids matured 610 years, and 2.1% in grown-ups matured 21 to 50 years (Macrae,Tyler Lewis, 2014).4. CAUSES OF SPEECH DISPORDERDis-fluencies are disorders in which a man rehashes a sound, word, or expression. Faltering may be the most genuine dis-fluency. verbalisation disorders may have no unmistakable bring about. They might likewise happen in other relatives. Different reasons includeProblems or changes in the building or state of the muscles and bones used to make speech sounds. These progressions may incorporate congenital fissure and tooth issues.Damage to parts of the mind or the nerves, (for example, from cerebral paralysis) that control how the muscles cooperate to make speech (Ahmad, Hameed, Jehangir, Khttak. , 2013).Voice disorders are brought about by issues when air goes from the lungs, through the vocal strings, and afterward through the throat, nose, mouth, and lips. A voice disorder may be because ofAcid from the stomach moving upwardCancer of the throatCleft maven of taste or different issues with the sense of tasteConditions that harm the nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal stringsLaryngeal networks or clefts (a conception surrender in which a slim layer of waver is between the vocal strings)Noncancerous developments (polyps, knobs, pimples, granulomas, papillomas, or ulcers) on the vocal stringsOveruse of the vocal strings from shouting, continually making a sound or singing5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH DISORDERA mortal with speech disorder may exhibit one or more of the following characteristics (Dodd, 2013)A person may substitutes one sounds for another. (sample wabbit for rabbit)A person discards or twists his speech sounds, making his speech hard to get it. (top for stop)A person shows trouble with open and communicative vocabulary. (Sample He is habitually not able to name or recognize articles known by same-age peers.)Often encounters trouble developing sentences of proper length and/or intricacy.A person every now and again rehashes sounds, syllables, or words amid classroom discourses. (suh-suh-sun, conception birthday.)A person every now and again delays sounds in words. (sssssssun, baaaaby.)A person seems, by all accounts, to be mindful of or exasperates by his speech disability.6. FIVE INTERVENTIONS/ TEACHING STRATEGY FOR CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM SPEECH DISORDER6.1 PART (a)The Becky Shanks Narrative discussionBroad Target RecastsColorful SemanticsComic Strip ConversationsComprehension Monitoring6.2 PART (b)i. THE BECKY SHANKS NARRATIVE INTERVENTIONBecky Shanks Narrative Intervention was created and mutualized by Becky Shanks (2001). It concentrates on understanding and utilizing story syntax to bolster youngsters to tell verbal stories and stories and is particularly intended for youngsters with dialect trouble. The Narrative Intervention takes after four standards (Davies, Shanks Davies 2008) specificallyDistinguishing the nature of a basic story structure,The improvement of youngsters stories,Intercession in view of story sentence structureTeamwork between speech and language advisors and instructorsii. COMIC STRIP CONVERSATIONSInitially intended for kids on the mentally unbalanced range, Comic Strip Conversations use drawings of stick figures with speech and thought rises to show what individuals deliberate and what they say in diverse circumstances. They are expected to demonstrate that individuals can say one thing and bring forward another. They are regularly used to think back on circumstances and discuss the diverse ways understudies could have acted. They were grown via Carol Gray.APPENDIX AWEBSITE 1 http//www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ChildhoodApraxia/This website is well-preserved enough for surfers when surfing about speech disability in children. Very detailed and accurate information have been given in it. It provides definitely a prodigious info material for the research paper. Furthermore it can be very well useful in the future research too with graphic headings in it.WEBSITE 2http//www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/speechlanguage/This site is sufficiently sound for surfers when surfing about speech incapacity in adults. Exceptionally itemized and precise data have been given in it. It gives unquestionably an immense data material for the exploration paper. Besides it can be extremely well valuable later on exploration too with unequivocal headings in it.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 :: United States History Work Safety Essays

The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 275 girls started to collect their belongings as they were leaving work at 445 PM on Saturday. Within twenty minutes some of girls charred bodies were lined up along the East Side of Greene Street. Those girls who flung themselves from the ninth floor were however covered with tarpaulins where they hit the concrete. The Bellevue morgue was overrun with bodies and a makeshift morgue was set up on the adjoining pier on the East River. Hundreds of parents and family members came to bring up their lost loved ones. 146 employees of the Triangle Shirtwaist familiarity were dead the night of March 25, 1911. The horror of their deaths led to numerous changes in occupational safety standards that soon ensure the safety of workers today. At the time of the glow the only safety measures available for the workers were 27 buckets of water and a fire thresh that would collapse when nation tried to use them. Most of the doors were locked and those that we re not locked only opened inwards and were effectively held shut by the onrush of workers escaping the fire. As the clothing materials feed the fire workers tried to escape anyway they could. 25 passengers flung themselves down the elevator shaft trying to escape the fire. Their bodies rained blood and coins down onto the employees who made it into the elevator cars. Engine Company 72 and 33 were the first on the scene. To add to the already bleak situation the water streams from their hoses could only reach the 7th floor. Their ladders could only reach amid the 6th and 7th floor. 19 bodies were found charred against the locked doors. 25 bodies were found huddled in a cloakroom. These deaths, although horrible, was not what changed the feelings toward government regulation. Upon finding that they could not use the doors to escape and the fire burning at their clothes and hair, the girls of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, aged mostly between 13 and 23 years of age, jumped 9 stories to their death. One by and by another the girls jumped to their deaths on the concrete over one hundred of feet below. Sometimes the girls jumped three and four at a time. On lookers watched in horror as body after body fell to the earth. Thud -- dead thud -- dead thud -- dead thud -- dead.

Rabbit Tobacco :: essays research papers

My grandmother grew up in Americus, GA, a rural town over 100 miles entropy of Atlanta. Her parents were of Cherokee descent, so I asked her about any herbal remedies passed down to her. She told me of several, but the one that she remembered with the nigh clarity was rabbit tobacco.Rabbit tobacco is also cognize as lasting, everlasting, sweet balsam, white balsam, feather-weed, and sweet cudweed. Its scientific name is Gaphalium obtusifolium. These annual herbs reach a height of 1 to 3 feet and have erect stems with brown, dried-up leaves persisting into winter and stems covered with felt-like hairs in summer. The leaves are 1 to 3 inches long, and alternate. The flowers, minute in whitish bearings, appear in late summer to fall. Fields, pastures, and pale areas are the sites of this common native plant of the eastern United States. The Cherokee named it rabbit tobacco because they believe it was the rabbit who took attended the plant.In Cherokee medicine, it is believed that councils of animals created diseases in order to vindicate the loss of their families and living spaces. The plants, being sympathetic to humans, decided to each furnish a cure for these diseases. It is believed that the spirit of the plant will tell a ditch person which one to use to cure his illness.Rabbit tobacco can be used medicinally in several ways. Smoking the leaves is good for sinusitis, head colds, and congestion. In hot teas, it is used to treat sore throats, fevers, diarrhea, colds, flu, pneumonia, asthma, and coughs, as well as a mild nerve sedative, a diuretic, and an antispasmodic. My grandmother said it was most often used in her home as a salve made of lard and ground up leaves. It was applied to the chest and back and caused lucullan sweating. The effect is similar to Vicks in that it athletic supportered open up breathing passages. It is also believed by the Cherokee, as well as other Native American tribes, to help cleanse a house after a persons absence or to cleanse the body after accidental contact with dreary medicine".